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Complementary medicine research2022; 29(6); 465-482; doi: 10.1159/000525035

Viscum album L., a Therapeutic Option for Neoplastic Diseases in Companion Animals? A Systematic Review.

Abstract: Cancer is a common disease in humans and in companion animals and treatment is challenging. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and assess the potential use of Viscum album L. extracts (VAE) for treatment of neoplastic diseases in companion animals. Peer-reviewed animal, in vivo and in vitro studies were included, considering the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). Overall, 6,148 references were identified. Following a predefined protocol, 114 full-text references were assessed. Ultimately, 61 references were included for further assessment, 25 references included in vitro experiments, 26 included in vivo and clinical experiments, and 10 references included both in vitro and in vivo experiments. These 61 references comprised data of 193 in vitro and 67 in vivo and clinical experiments. Most of the 67 in vivo and clinical experiments were conducted with mice (59), followed by rats (4), dogs (3), and horses (1). So far, oral melanomas, mammary tumors, and sticker sarcomas in dogs, as well as sarcoids in horses, have been investigated in controlled clinical trials. A scoring system was established to evaluate the outcomes of each study based on defined effect levels. The efficacy of VAE treatment was most pronounced for melanomas, sarcomas, mammary carcinoma, and equine sarcoids. The limited number and quality of published studies on VAE treatment in companion animals impede drawing definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of VAE in the treatment of cancer. Thus, further research is needed to elucidate the impact of VAE on the treatment of cancer in companion animals and possible underlying mechanisms. Krebserkrankungen sind sowohl bei Menschen als auch bei Haustieren weit verbreitet, und ihre Behandlung ist herausfordernd. Ziel dieser systematischen Übersichtsarbeit war es, die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Viscum album L.-Extrakten (VAE) zur Behandlung von neoplas­tischen Erkrankungen bei Haustieren zu ermitteln und zu bewerten. Eingeschlossen wurden peer-reviewte kli­ni­sche Tier-, in vivo und in vitro Studien unter Einhaltung der Vorgaben der PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) Kriterien und des AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) Bewertungstools. Insgesamt konnten 6’148 Refe­renzen identifiziert werden. Nach einem festgelegten Pro­tokoll wurden 114 Referenzen im Volltext bewertet. Letztlich wurden 61 Referenzen für die weitere Bewertung berücksichtigt. 25 Referenzen beinhalteten in vitro Experimente, 26 beinhalteten in vivo oder klinische Experimente, und 10 Referenzen beinhalteten sowohl in vitro, als auch in vivo Experimente. Diese 61 Referenzen umfassten Daten von 193 in vitro und 67 in vivo und klini­schen Experimenten. Die Mehrzahl der 67 in vivo und klinischen Experimente wurde mit Mäusen (59) durchgeführt, gefolgt von Ratten (4), Hunden (3) und Pferden (1). Bisher wurden in kontrollierten klinischen Untersuchungen orale Melanome, Mamma Tumore und Sticker-Sarkome bei Hunden sowie Sarkoide bei Pferden untersucht. Zur Bewertung der Ergebnisse der einzelnen Studien wurde ein Punktesystem auf der Grundlage definierter Effektstärken erstellt. Am ausgeprägtesten war die Wirksamkeit der VAE-Behandlung bei Melanomen, Sarkomen, Mammakarzinomen und Equinen Sarkoiden. Die be­grenzte Anzahl und Qualität der veröffentlichten Studien zur VAE-Behandlung bei Haustieren erschwerten es, endgültige Schlussfolgerungen über die Wirksamkeit von VAE bei der Behandlung von Krebs zu ziehen. Daher sind weitere Forschungsarbeiten erforderlich, um die Auswirkungen und die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen von VAE in der Behandlung von Krebs bei Haustieren zu klären.
Publication Date: 2022-07-08 PubMed ID: 35810741DOI: 10.1159/000525035Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Systematic Review
  • Journal Article

Summary

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This systematic review identifies and evaluates the potential use of Viscum album L. extracts (VAE), commonly known as European mistletoe, for the treatment of cancerous diseases in household pets. The review collates data on several controlled animal trials including dogs, horses, rats, and mice, examining how effective VAE is on different types of cancers such as melanoma and mammary carcinoma. Although significant results were found, the researchers conclude that there’s still insufficient evidence to definitively recommend VAE for cancer treatment in companion animals and call for further studies.

Study Approach and Findings

  • The researchers conducted a systematic review, using guidelines provided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement and the AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews).
  • Overall, a total of 6,148 references were identified, 114 full-text references were assessed, out of which 61 references were included in the review.
  • These references comprised data of 193 in vitro (labs) and 67 in vivo (living organisms) and clinical experiments.
  • The majority of the in vivo and clinical experiments involved mice (59). The rest included other domestic animals such as rats (4), dogs (3), and horses (1).
  • A created scoring system evaluated these studies’ outcomes based on defined effect levels.
  • The results showed that VAE treatment had the nicest effect on melanomas, sarcomas, mammary carcinoma, and equine sarcoids.

Insights and Conclusions

  • Despite some promising results, the researchers stress the fact that there aren’t enough high-quality studies on VAE treatment in domestic animals to draw definitive conclusions about its effectivity in treating companion animals with cancer.
  • The researchers further noted that the published studies were limited in their number and quality, which made definitive conclusions challenging.
  • The research concludes by emphasizing the need for more extensive research that can clarify the impacts and possible underlying mechanisms of VAE on cancer treatment in domestic animals.

Cite This Article

APA
Biegel U, Mevissen M, Schuller S, Ruess K, Christen O, Ayrle H, Koch C, Walkenhorst M. (2022). Viscum album L., a Therapeutic Option for Neoplastic Diseases in Companion Animals? A Systematic Review. Complement Med Res, 29(6), 465-482. https://doi.org/10.1159/000525035

Publication

ISSN: 2504-2106
NlmUniqueID: 101698453
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 29
Issue: 6
Pages: 465-482

Researcher Affiliations

Biegel, Ulrike
  • Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland.
  • Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Mevissen, Meike
  • Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Schuller, Simone
  • Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Ruess, Katja
  • Department Medical Oncology and Internal medicine, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Marigin AG, Feusisberg, Switzerland.
Christen, Ophélie
  • Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland.
Ayrle, Hannah
  • Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland.
Koch, Christoph
  • Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Walkenhorst, Michael
  • Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Dogs
  • Humans
  • Mice
  • Rats
  • Female
  • Viscum album
  • Melanoma
  • Plant Extracts / therapeutic use
  • Mouth Neoplasms
  • Breast Neoplasms

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Hong CE, Lyu SY. Mistletoe in Cancer Cell Biology: Recent Advances. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2025 Aug 20;47(8).
    doi: 10.3390/cimb47080672pubmed: 40864825google scholar: lookup
  2. Klingemann H. Viscum album (mistletoe) extract for dogs with cancer?. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1285354.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1285354pubmed: 38234984google scholar: lookup