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Home / Equine Research Bank / Clin Infect Dis / West Nile encephalitis: an emerging disease in the United St...
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2001; 33(10); 1713-1719; doi: 10.1086/322700

West Nile encephalitis: an emerging disease in the United States.

Abstract: In 1999, an epidemic of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis occurred in New York City (NYC) and 2 surrounding New York counties. Simultaneously, an epizootic among American crows and other bird species occurred in 4 states. Indigenous transmission of WNV had never been documented in the western hemisphere until this epidemic. In 2000, the epizootic expanded to 12 states and the District of Columbia, and the epidemic continued in NYC, 5 New Jersey counties, and 1 Connecticut county. In addition to these outbreaks, several large epidemics of WNV have occurred in other regions of the world where this disease was absent or rare >5 years ago. Many of the WNV strains isolated during recent outbreaks demonstrate an extremely high degree of homology that strongly suggests widespread circulation of potentially epidemic strains of WNV. The high rates of severe neurologic illness and death among humans, horses, and birds in these outbreaks are unprecedented and unexplained. We review the current status of WNV in the United States.
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Publication Date: 2001-10-05 PubMed ID: 11595987DOI: 10.1086/322700Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study examines the emergence and spread of West Nile virus (WNV) in the United States, first documented in 1999 in New York City, and suggests that multiple outbreaks are due to factors such as the global circulation of epidemic strains of the virus, which resulted in severe neurological illness and death in humans and animals.

Introduction to West Nile Virus

  • The research covers the emergence of West Nile encephalitis, specifically focusing on an outbreak that arose in 1999 in New York City (NYC) and two nearby counties.
  • Along with this epidemic, an epizootic, a disease event in an animal population, had been observed among American crows and other bird species within four states.
  • Significantly, this was the first documented case of indigenous transmission of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere.

Expansion of the Epidemic and Epizootic

  • By 2000, the epizootic had spread to twelve states and the District of Columbia, with the epidemic persisting in NYC, five New Jersey counties, and one Connecticut county.
  • Notably, the study also makes mention of other large epidemics of WNV infections taking place in areas where such diseases had been absent or extremely rare five years prior.

Nature of West Nile Virus Strains

  • The paper discusses that many of the WNV strains isolated during these recent outbreaks have an extremely high homology (similarity in sequence of a DNA/RNA molecule).
  • This evidence suggests a widespread circulation of potentially epidemic strains of WNV. This commonality among the strains points to the possibility that a specific strain or strains of the virus are causing these widespread outbreaks.

Increase in Severity and Mortality Rates

  • The research highlights that the severity of the neurologic illness and the rates of death among humans, horses, and birds from these outbreaks are unusually high and are considered unprecedented.
  • The reason for these instances of severe illness and the high death rate, however, remained unexplained and is a critical point of concern for the study.

Summary of the Status of West Nile Virus in the United States

  • Lastly, the paper attempts to provide an update on the current status of WNV in the United States, signalling it as a subject of ongoing concern and underlining the need for further research into understanding the nature, spread, and combatting measures of the virus.

Cite This Article

APA
Marfin AA, Gubler DJ. (2001). West Nile encephalitis: an emerging disease in the United States. Clin Infect Dis, 33(10), 1713-1719. https://doi.org/10.1086/322700

Publication

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
ISSN: 1058-4838
NlmUniqueID: 9203213
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 33
Issue: 10
Pages: 1713-1719

Researcher Affiliations

Marfin, A A
  • Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522-2087, USA. aam0@cdc.gov
Gubler, D J

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Bird Diseases / epidemiology
    • Bird Diseases / virology
    • Birds / virology
    • Communicable Diseases, Emerging / epidemiology
    • Disease Outbreaks
    • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
    • Horse Diseases / virology
    • Horses / virology
    • Humans
    • Songbirds
    • United States / epidemiology
    • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
    • West Nile Fever / therapy
    • West Nile Fever / transmission
    • West Nile Fever / veterinary
    • West Nile virus / isolation & purification

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