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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risk...
Veterinary sciences2025; 12(3); 288; doi: 10.3390/vetsci12030288

West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic pathogen belonging to the Flaviviridae family, which is endemic in some areas and emerging in others. WNV is transmitted by blood-sucking mosquitoes of the genus Culicoides, Aedes, and Anopheles, and the infection can cause different clinical symptoms. The most common and benign illness in humans is West Nile fever (WNF), but a lethal neurological disease (WNND), related to the neuro-invasiveness of WNV lineage 2, represents the highest health risk of WNV infection. The neuro-clinical form is recognized in mammals (land and cetaceans), particularly in humans (elderly or immunosuppressed) and in horses, avian species, and wildlife animals ranging free or in a zoological setting. This review highlights the most relevant data regarding epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis and immunity, clinical signs and differential diagnosis, pathology and imaging, histopathology and gross pathology, economic impact, influence of climate change, and surveillance of WNV. Climate change has favored the wide spread of WNV in many areas of the globe and consequent One-Health and Eco-Health emergencies, influencing the health of human beings, animals, and ecosystems.
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Publication Date: 2025-03-19 PubMed ID: 40266979PubMed Central: PMC11945822DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12030288Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article reviews West Nile Virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen affecting humans, animals, and ecosystems globally.
  • The paper discusses WNV’s transmission, clinical outcomes, epidemiology, and the impact of climate change, emphasizing its One-Health and Eco-Health risks.

Introduction to West Nile Virus (WNV)

  • WNV belongs to the Flaviviridae family, a group of viruses often transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes.
  • It is an important zoonotic pathogen, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans.
  • WNV is both endemic (regularly found) in some regions and emerging (appearing newly) in others.

Transmission of WNV

  • WNV is transmitted primarily by blood-sucking mosquitoes.
  • Key mosquito genera involved include:
    • Culicoides
    • Aedes
    • Anopheles

Clinical Manifestations

  • The most common illness caused by WNV in humans is West Nile fever (WNF), which is generally mild and benign.
  • A more severe neurological disease known as West Nile neuro-invasive disease (WNND) can develop, especially from lineage 2 of the virus.
  • WNND is life-threatening and involves the virus invading the nervous system.
  • Vulnerable groups include:
    • Elderly individuals
    • Immunosuppressed patients
  • WNND also affects mammals such as horses, various birds, and wildlife, including those in natural habitats or zoological environments.

Key Areas Reviewed in the Paper

  • Epidemiology: Patterns of WNV spread and occurrence worldwide.
  • Virology: Structure and genetic lineages of the virus, including lineage 2 linked to neuroinvasive cases.
  • Pathogenesis and Immunity: How the virus causes disease and the host immune response.
  • Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnosis: Symptoms and how to distinguish WNV from other diseases.
  • Pathology and Imaging: Tissue damage and visual diagnostics.
  • Histopathology and Gross Pathology: Microscopic and macroscopic changes in infected tissues.
  • Economic Impact: Costs related to healthcare, animal losses, and control measures.
  • Influence of Climate Change: How environmental changes favor the spread of WNV.
  • Surveillance: Approaches to monitoring WNV infections in humans, animals, and mosquitoes.

Impact of Climate Change and One-Health/Eco-Health Considerations

  • Climate change has increased the geographic spread and prevalence of WNV by affecting mosquito populations and habitats.
  • This expansion leads to heightened risks for human and animal health, as well as potential disruptions to ecosystems.
  • The One-Health concept emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
  • Eco-Health focuses on the health of ecosystems, recognizing that WNV emergence and spread is influenced by ecological changes.
  • Integrative surveillance and control strategies are critical to manage WNV risks across species and ecosystems.

Conclusion

  • WNV represents a significant global health challenge due to its zoonotic nature and potential to cause severe neurological disease.
  • The virus’s transmission pattern, clinical outcomes, and spread are influenced by environmental and climatic factors.
  • Addressing WNV requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating epidemiology, veterinary and human medicine, ecology, and climate science, aligned with One-Health and Eco-Health principles.

Cite This Article

APA
Bruno L, Nappo MA, Frontoso R, Perrotta MG, Di Lecce R, Guarnieri C, Ferrari L, Corradi A. (2025). West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks. Vet Sci, 12(3), 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030288

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
PII: 288

Researcher Affiliations

Bruno, Luigi
  • Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, Castellammare di Stabia, 80053 Naples, Italy.
Nappo, Maria Anna
  • Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, Castellammare di Stabia, 80053 Naples, Italy.
Frontoso, Raffaele
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno (I.Z.S.M.), Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy.
Perrotta, Maria Gabriella
  • Ministry of Health, Office 3 exDGSAF of the General Directorate of Animal Health, 00144 Rome, Italy.
Di Lecce, Rosanna
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Guarnieri, Chiara
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Ferrari, Luca
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Corradi, Attilio
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest.

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