FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Parasites & vectors2017; 10(1); 501; doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2482-0

Wetland characteristics linked to broad-scale patterns in Culiseta melanura abundance and eastern equine encephalitis virus infection.

Abstract: Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is an expanding mosquito-borne threat to humans and domestic animal populations in the northeastern United States. Outbreaks of EEEV are challenging to predict due to spatial and temporal uncertainty in the abundance and viral infection of Cs. melanura, the principal enzootic vector. EEEV activity may be closely linked to wetlands because they provide essential habitat for mosquito vectors and avian reservoir hosts. However, wetlands are not homogeneous and can vary by vegetation, connectivity, size, and inundation patterns. Wetlands may also have different effects on EEEV transmission depending on the assessed spatial scale. We investigated associations between wetland characteristics and Cs. melanura abundance and infection with EEEV at multiple spatial scales in Connecticut, USA. Results: Our findings indicate that wetland vegetative characteristics have strong associations with Cs. melanura abundance. Deciduous and evergreen forested wetlands were associated with higher Cs. melanura abundance, likely because these wetlands provide suitable subterranean habitat for Cs. melanura development. In contrast, Cs. melanura abundance was negatively associated with emergent and scrub/shrub wetlands, and wetland connectivity to streams. These relationships were generally strongest at broad spatial scales. Additionally, the relationships between wetland characteristics and EEEV infection in Cs. melanura were generally weak. However, Cs. melanura abundance was strongly associated with EEEV infection, suggesting that wetland-associated changes in abundance may be indirectly linked to EEEV infection in Cs. melanura. Finally, we found that wet hydrological conditions during the transmission season and during the fall/winter preceding the transmission season were associated with higher Cs. melanura abundance and EEEV infection, indicating that wet conditions are favorable for EEEV transmission. Conclusions: These results expand the broad-scale understanding of the effects of wetlands on EEEV transmission and help to reduce the spatial and temporal uncertainty associated with EEEV outbreaks.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-10-18 PubMed ID: 29047412PubMed Central: PMC5648514DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2482-0Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores the relationship between the characteristics of wetlands and the abundance and infection rates of the Culiseta melanura mosquito, the primary carrier of the eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) in Connecticut, USA. The research found that certain wetland features are associated with an increased presence of the mosquito and the virus it carries.

Wetland Characteristics and Mosquito Abundance

  • The research found a strong correlation between the type of vegetation in wetlands and the abundance of Culiseta melanura mosquitoes. Deciduous and evergreen forested wetlands were associated with a higher presence of the mosquitoes. The probable reason for this relation is that such wetlands offer suitable underground habitats for these mosquitoes’ development.
  • Conversely, the presence of mosquitoes was negatively correlated with the occurrence of emergent and scrub/shrub wetlands, and wetlands connected to streams. These correlations were more pronounced at broader spatial scales.

Wetland Characteristics and Virus Infection Rates

  • Relationships between wetland characteristics and EEEV infection rates in Culiseta melanura mosquitoes were generally weak.
  • However, mosquito abundance was strongly associated with EEEV infection. This finding suggests that changes in mosquito population due to wetland characteristics might be indirectly linked to EEEV infection rates in Culiseta melanura mosquitoes.

Weather Conditions and EEEV Transmission

  • The research also found that the hydrological conditions, specifically wet conditions, during the transmission season and the preceding fall/winter season were associated with higher mosquito abundance and EEEV infection rates. It seems that wet conditions encourage the transmission of EEEV.

Conclusion and Implications

  • The study suggests that managing the characteristics of wetlands, in particular their vegetation type, could potentially impact the population of Culiseta melanura mosquitoes and the spread of EEEV. This research helps improve broad-scale understanding of how wetlands influence EEEV transmission and could aid in minimizing the uncertainty around predicting EEEV outbreaks.

Cite This Article

APA
Skaff NK, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Cheruvelil KS. (2017). Wetland characteristics linked to broad-scale patterns in Culiseta melanura abundance and eastern equine encephalitis virus infection. Parasit Vectors, 10(1), 501. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2482-0

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 501
PII: 501

Researcher Affiliations

Skaff, Nicholas K
  • Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. skaffnic@msu.edu.
  • Ecology, Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. skaffnic@msu.edu.
Armstrong, Philip M
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA.
Andreadis, Theodore G
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA.
Cheruvelil, Kendra S
  • Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
  • Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Birds
  • Culicidae / virology
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Ecosystem
  • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / isolation & purification
  • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / physiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / transmission
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / veterinary
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / virology
  • Female
  • Horses
  • Insect Vectors / virology
  • New England
  • Seasons

Conflict of Interest Statement

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: Not applicable. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

This article includes 68 references
  1. Scott TW, Weaver SC. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission.. Adv Virus Res 1989;37:277-328.
    doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60838-6pubmed: 2574935google scholar: lookup
  2. Komar N, Spielman A. Emergence of eastern encephalitis in Massachusetts.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994 Dec 15;740:157-68.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19866.xpubmed: 7840447google scholar: lookup
  3. Gibney KB, Robinson S, Mutebi JP, Hoenig DE, Bernier BJ, Webber L, Lubelczyk C, Nett RJ, Fischer M. Eastern equine encephalitis: an emerging arboviral disease threat, Maine, 2009.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011 Jun;11(6):637-9.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0189pubmed: 21254938google scholar: lookup
  4. Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Eastern equine encephalitis virus--old enemy, new threat.. N Engl J Med 2013 May 2;368(18):1670-3.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1213696pubmed: 23635048google scholar: lookup
  5. Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and their role as bridge vectors.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Dec;16(12):1869-74.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1612.100640pmc: PMC3294553pubmed: 21122215google scholar: lookup
  6. Howard JJ, Morris CD, Emord DE, Grayson MA. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus in upstate New York, USA. VII. Virus surveillance 1978-85, description of 1983 outbreak, and series conclusions.. J Med Entomol 1988 Nov;25(6):501-14.
    pubmed: 2905010doi: 10.1093/jmedent/25.6.501google scholar: lookup
  7. Wallis RC, Howard JJ, Main AJ, Jr, Frazier C, Hayes C. An increase of Culiseta melanura coinciding with an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis in Connecticut.. Mosq News 1974;34(1):63–65.
  8. Andreadis TG, Shepard JJ, Thomas MC. Field observations on the overwintering ecology of Culiseta melanura in the northeastern USA.. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2012 Dec;28(4):286-91.
    doi: 10.2987/12-6283R.1pubmed: 23393750google scholar: lookup
  9. Diuk-Wasser MA, Brown HE, Andreadis TG, Fish D. Modeling the spatial distribution of mosquito vectors for West Nile virus in Connecticut, USA.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2006 Fall;6(3):283-95.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2006.6.283pubmed: 16989568google scholar: lookup
  10. Laderman AD, Brody M, Pendleton E. The ecology of Atlantic white cedar wetlands: a community profile.. Biol Rep US Fish Wildl Serv 1989;85(7.21):1–114.
  11. HAYES RO, HESS AD. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OUTBREAKS OF EASTERN ENCEPHALITIS.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1964 Nov;13:851-8.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1964.13.851pubmed: 14222441google scholar: lookup
  12. Lafferty KD. The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases.. Ecology 2009 Apr;90(4):888-900.
    doi: 10.1890/08-0079.1pubmed: 19449681google scholar: lookup
  13. Goodwin B, Fahrig L. Spatial scaling and animal population dynamics.. Ecological scale: theory and application New York: Columbia University Press; 1998.
  14. Cohen JM, Civitello DJ, Brace AJ, Feichtinger EM, Ortega CN, Richardson JC, Sauer EL, Liu X, Rohr JR. Spatial scale modulates the strength of ecological processes driving disease distributions.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016 Jun 14;113(24):E3359-64.
    pmc: PMC4914148pubmed: 27247398doi: 10.1073/pnas.1521657113google scholar: lookup
  15. Morris C, Zimmerman R, Magnarelli L. The bionomics of Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans dyari in central New York state (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 1976;69(1):101–105.
    doi: 10.1093/aesa/69.1.101google scholar: lookup
  16. Meentemeyer RK, Haas SE, Václavík T. Landscape epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases in natural and human-altered ecosystems.. Annu Rev Phytopathol 2012;50:379-402.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172938pubmed: 22681449google scholar: lookup
  17. White C. Temporal analysis and spatial modeling of the distribution and abundance of Cs. melanura, Eastern equine encephalitis vector: Connecticut, 1997–2012.. Master’s thesis University of Arizona; 2016.
  18. Rochlin I, Harding K, Ginsberg HS, Campbell SR. Comparative analysis of distribution and abundance of West Nile and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus vectors in Suffolk County, New York, using human population density and land use/cover data.. J Med Entomol 2008 May;45(3):563-71.
    doi: 10.1093/jmedent/45.3.563pubmed: 18533453google scholar: lookup
  19. Joseph SR, Bickley WE. Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) on the eastern shore of Maryland (Diptera: Culicidae). Univ Md Agr Exp Sta Bull 1969;A-161:1–84.
  20. Rey JR, Walton WE, Wolfe RJ, Connelly CR, O'Connell SM, Berg J, Sakolsky-Hoopes GE, Laderman AD. North American wetlands and mosquito control.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012 Dec 10;9(12):4537-605.
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph9124537pmc: PMC3546777pubmed: 23222252google scholar: lookup
  21. Chase JM, Knight TM. Drought-induced mosquito outbreaks in wetlands.. Ecol Lett 2003;6(11):1017–1024.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00533.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  22. Chase JM, Shulman RS. Wetland isolation facilitates larval mosquito density through the reduction of predators.. Ecol Entomol 2009;34(6):741–747.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01128.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  23. Shulman RS, Chase JM. Increasing isolation reduces predator: prey species richness ratios in aquatic food webs.. Oikos 2007;116(9):1581–1587.
    doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.14690.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  24. Gallardo B, García M, Cabezas Á, González E, González M, Ciancarelli C, Comín FA. Macroinvertebrate patterns along environmental gradients and hydrological connectivity within a regulated river-floodplain.. Aquat Sci 2008;70(3):248–258.
    doi: 10.1007/s00027-008-8024-2google scholar: lookup
  25. Hamer GL, Kitron UD, Goldberg TL, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, Hayes DB, Walker ED. Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009 Feb;80(2):268-78.
    pubmed: 19190226
  26. Estep LK, McClure CJ, Burkett-Cadena ND, Hassan HK, Hicks TL, Unnasch TR, Hill GE. A multi-year study of mosquito feeding patterns on avian hosts in a southeastern focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011 May;84(5):718-26.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0586pmc: PMC3083738pubmed: 21540380google scholar: lookup
  27. Ezenwa VO, Milheim LE, Coffey MF, Godsey MS, King RJ, Guptill SC. Land cover variation and West Nile virus prevalence: patterns, processes, and implications for disease control.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007 Summer;7(2):173-80.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0584pubmed: 17627435google scholar: lookup
  28. Johnson BJ, Munafo K, Shappell L, Tsipoura N, Robson M, Ehrenfeld J, Sukhdeo MV. The roles of mosquito and bird communities on the prevalence of West Nile virus in urban wetland and residential habitats.. Urban Ecosyst 2012 Sep;15(3):513-531.
    doi: 10.1007/s11252-012-0248-1pmc: PMC4257491pubmed: 25484570google scholar: lookup
  29. Ma Z, Cai Y, Li B, Chen J. Managing wetland habitats for waterbirds: an international perspective.. Wetlands 2010;30(1):15–27.
    doi: 10.1007/s13157-009-0001-6google scholar: lookup
  30. Shaman J, Day JF, Stieglitz M. Drought-induced amplification and epidemic transmission of West Nile virus in southern Florida.. J Med Entomol 2005 Mar;42(2):134-41.
    doi: 10.1093/jmedent/42.2.134pubmed: 15799522google scholar: lookup
  31. Shaman J, Day JF, Stieglitz M. The spatial-temporal distribution of drought, wetting, and human cases of St. Louis encephalitis in southcentral Florida.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004 Sep;71(3):251-61.
    pubmed: 15381802
  32. Shaman J, Day JF, Stieglitz M. St. Louis encephalitis virus in wild birds during the 1990 south Florida epidemic: the importance of drought, wetting conditions, and the emergence of Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) to arboviral amplification and transmission.. J Med Entomol 2003 Jul;40(4):547-54.
    doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.547pubmed: 14680125google scholar: lookup
  33. Shaman J, Day JF, Stieglitz M. Drought-induced amplification of Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Florida.. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Jun;8(6):575-80.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0806.010417pmc: PMC2738489pubmed: 12023912google scholar: lookup
  34. Skaff NK, Cheruvelil KS. Fine-scale wetland features mediate vector and climate-dependent macroscale patterns in human West Nile virus incidence.. Landsc Ecol 2016;31(7):1615–1628.
    doi: 10.1007/s10980-016-0346-1google scholar: lookup
  35. . State of Connecticut Mosquito Trapping and Arbovirus Testing Program--Historical Information.. .
  36. Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Main AJ. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999-2003.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2004 Winter;4(4):360-78.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2004.4.360pubmed: 15682518google scholar: lookup
  37. . State of Connecticut Mosquito Trapping and Arbovirus Testing Program.. .
  38. Reiter P. A portable battery-powered trap for collecting gravid Culex mosquitoes.. Mosq News 1983;43(4):496–498.
  39. Soranno PA, Bissell EG, Cheruvelil KS, Christel ST, Collins SM, Fergus CE, Filstrup CT, Lapierre JF, Lottig NR, Oliver SK, Scott CE, Smith NJ, Stopyak S, Yuan S, Bremigan MT, Downing JA, Gries C, Henry EN, Skaff NK, Stanley EH, Stow CA, Tan PN, Wagner T, Webster KE. Building a multi-scaled geospatial temporal ecology database from disparate data sources: fostering open science and data reuse.. Gigascience 2015;4:28.
    doi: 10.1186/s13742-015-0067-4pmc: PMC4488039pubmed: 26140212google scholar: lookup
  40. Soranno PA, Bacon LC, Beauchene M, Bednar KE, Bissell EG, Boudreau CK, Boyer MG, Bremigan MT, Carpenter SR, Carr JW, Cheruvelil KS, Christel ST, Claucherty M, Collins SM, Conroy JD, Downing JA, Dukett J, Fergus CE, Filstrup CT, Funk C, Gonzalez MJ, Green LT, Gries C, Halfman JD, Hamilton SK, Hanson PC, Henry EN, Herron EM, Hockings C, Jackson JR, Jacobson-Hedin K, Janus LL, Jones WW, Jones JR, Keson CM, King KBS, Kishbaugh SA, Lapierre JF, Lathrop B, Latimore JA, Lee Y, Lottig NR, Lynch JA, Matthews LJ, McDowell WH, Moore KEB, Neff BP, Nelson SJ, Oliver SK, Pace ML, Pierson DC, Poisson AC, Pollard AI, Post DM, Reyes PO, Rosenberry DO, Roy KM, Rudstam LG, Sarnelle O, Schuldt NJ, Scott CE, Skaff NK, Smith NJ, Spinelli NR, Stachelek JJ, Stanley EH, Stoddard JL, Stopyak SB, Stow CA, Tallant JM, Tan PN, Thorpe AP, Vanni MJ, Wagner T, Watkins G, Weathers KC, Webster KE, White JD, Wilmes MK, Yuan S. LAGOS-NE: a multi-scaled geospatial and temporal database of lake ecological context and water quality for thousands of US lakes.. Gigascience 2017 Dec 1;6(12):1-22.
    pmc: PMC5721373pubmed: 29053868doi: 10.1093/gigascience/gix101google scholar: lookup
  41. . National wetland inventory.. United States Fish and Wildlife Service 2014.
  42. . ArcGIS Toolbox for Landscape Limnology.. .
  43. . National hydrography dataset.. United States Geological Survey 2013.
  44. Xian G, Homer C, Dewitz J, Fry J, Hossain N, Wickham J. Change of impervious surface area between 2001 and 2006 in the conterminous United States.. Photogramm Eng Remote Sensing 2011;77(8):758–762.
  45. . National climate data center.. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration 2014.
  46. Bradter U, Kunin WE, Altringham JD, Thom TJ, Benton TG. Identifying appropriate spatial scales of predictors in species distribution models with the random forest algorithm.. Methods Ecol Evol 2013;4(2):167–174.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00253.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  47. Nau R. Statistical forecasting: notes on regression and time series analysis. Duke University 2015.
  48. Wood S. Generalized additive models: an introduction with R. Boca Raton: CRC press. 2006.
  49. Hastie TJ, Tibshirani RJ. Generalized additive models. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC press. 1990.
  50. Calabrese R, Osmetti SA. Improving forecast of binary rare events data: a GAM-based approach.. J Forecasting 2015;34(3):230–239.
    doi: 10.1002/for.2335google scholar: lookup
  51. Chaves LF, Pascual M. Comparing models for early warning systems of neglected tropical diseases.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2007 Oct 22;1(1):e33.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000033pmc: PMC2041810pubmed: 17989780google scholar: lookup
  52. . Generalized Additive Model Selection.. .
  53. . Dev.expl.mgcv package.. GitHub Repository 2017.
  54. Nasci RS, Edman JD. Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae): population structure and nectar feeding in a freshwater swamp and surrounding areas in southeastern Massachusetts, USA.. J Med Entomol 1984 Sep 28;21(5):567-72.
    doi: 10.1093/jmedent/21.5.567pubmed: 6150116google scholar: lookup
  55. Howard JJ, White DJ, Muller SL. Mark-recapture studies on the Culiseta (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus.. J Med Entomol 1989 May;26(3):190-9.
    doi: 10.1093/jmedent/26.3.190pubmed: 2566686google scholar: lookup
  56. Molaei G, Oliver J, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Howard JJ. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 Dec;75(6):1140-7.
    pubmed: 17172382
  57. Dyer M, Pinowski J, Pinowska B. Granivorous birds in ecosystems: their evolution, populations, energetics, adaptations, impact and control.. In: Pinowski J, Kendeigh SC, editors. 3. Population dynamics. 1977. p. 53.
  58. Bennett WA. Scale of investigation and the detection of competition: an example from the house sparrow and house finch introductions in North America.. Am Nat 1990:725–47.
  59. Haas CA. Dispersal and use of corridors by birds in wooded patches on an agricultural landscape.. Conserv Biol 1995;9(4):845–854.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040845.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  60. Whittaker KA, Marzluff JM. Species-specific survival and relative habitat use in an urban landscape during the postfledging period.. Auk 2009;126(2):288–299.
    doi: 10.1525/auk.2009.07136google scholar: lookup
  61. Wallis R, Howard J, Main A, Frazier C, Hayes C. Increase of Culiseta malanura coinciding with an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis in Connecticut.. Mosq News 1974;34(1):63:65.
  62. Martin TE. Food as a limit on breeding birds: a life-history perspective.. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 1987;18(1):453–487.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002321google scholar: lookup
  63. Kwan JL, Kluh S, Reisen WK. Antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.. PLoS One 2012;7(3):e34127.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034127pmc: PMC3311586pubmed: 22457819google scholar: lookup
  64. Rotenberry JT, Wiens JA. Reproductive biology of shrubsteppe passerine birds: geographical and temporal variation in clutch size, brood size, and fledging success.. Condor 1989;91(1):1–14.
    doi: 10.2307/1368142google scholar: lookup
  65. Sæther B-E, Sutherland WJ, Engen S. Climate influences on avian population dynamics.. Adv Ecol Res 2004;35:185–209.
    doi: 10.1016/S0065-2504(04)35009-9google scholar: lookup
  66. Robinson RA, Baillie SR, Crick HQ. Weather-dependent survival: implications of climate change for passerine population processes.. Ibis 2007;149(2):357–364.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00648.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  67. Öberg M, Arlt D, Pärt T, Laugen AT, Eggers S, Low M. Rainfall during parental care reduces reproductive and survival components of fitness in a passerine bird.. Ecol Evol 2015 Jan;5(2):345-56.
    doi: 10.1002/ece3.1345pmc: PMC4314267pubmed: 25691962google scholar: lookup
  68. Wickham JD, Stehman SV, Gass L, Dewitz J, Fry JA, Wade TG. Accuracy assessment of NLCD 2006 land cover and impervious surface.. Remote Sens Environ 2013;130:294–304.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.001google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 14 times.
  1. Tang X, Sedda L, Brown HE. Predicting eastern equine encephalitis spread in North America: An ecological study. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2021;1:100064.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100064pubmed: 35284888google scholar: lookup
  2. Stobierski MG, Signs K, Dinh E, Cooley TM, Melotti J, Schalow M, Patterson JS, Bolin SR, Walker ED. Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of Equine, Human, and Wildlife Involvement, Epidemiology, Vector Associations, and Factors Contributing to Endemicity. J Med Entomol 2022 Jan 12;59(1):27-40.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab153pubmed: 34734638google scholar: lookup
  3. Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Ecology and Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Northeastern United States: An Historical Perspective. J Med Entomol 2022 Jan 12;59(1):1-13.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab077pubmed: 34734628google scholar: lookup
  4. Brown SC, Cormier J, Tuan J, Lier AJ, McGuone D, Armstrong PM, Kaddouh F, Parikh S, Landry ML, Gobeske KT. Four Human Cases of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Connecticut, USA, during a Larger Regional Outbreak, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021 Aug;27(8):2042-51.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2708.203730pubmed: 34289334google scholar: lookup
  5. Thompson KA, Henderson E, Fitzgerald SD, Walker ED, Kiupel M. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mexican Wolf Pups at Zoo, Michigan, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;27(4):1173-1176.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2704.202400pubmed: 33754982google scholar: lookup
  6. Azar SR, Campos RK, Bergren NA, Camargos VN, Rossi SL. Epidemic Alphaviruses: Ecology, Emergence and Outbreaks. Microorganisms 2020 Aug 1;8(8).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8081167pubmed: 32752150google scholar: lookup
  7. Ciota AT, Keyel AC. The Role of Temperature in Transmission of Zoonotic Arboviruses. Viruses 2019 Nov 1;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/v11111013pubmed: 31683823google scholar: lookup
  8. Andrews C, Gerdin J, Patterson J, Buckles EL, Fitzgerald SD. Eastern equine encephalitis in puppies in Michigan and New York states. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018 Jul;30(4):633-636.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638718774616pubmed: 29717641google scholar: lookup
  9. Nabti I, Chahed S. Ecological niche and risk modeling of West Nile virus using environmental and biological thresholds. Arch Microbiol 2025 Oct 6;207(11):289.
    doi: 10.1007/s00203-025-04488-9pubmed: 41051436google scholar: lookup
  10. McMillan JR, Sun J, Chaves LF, Armstrong PM. Using mosquito and arbovirus data to computationally predict West Nile virus in unsampled areas of the Northeast United States. PNAS Nexus 2025 Aug;4(8):pgaf227.
    doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf227pubmed: 40838020google scholar: lookup
  11. Zang C, Wang X, Liu Y, Wang H, Sun Q, Cheng P, Zhang Y, Gong M, Liu H. Wolbachia and mosquitoes: Exploring transmission modes and coevolutionary dynamics in Shandong Province, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024 Sep;18(9):e0011944.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011944pubmed: 39264945google scholar: lookup
  12. Mundis SJ, Harrison S, Pelley D, Durand S, Ryan SJ. Spatiotemporal Environmental Drivers of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Central Florida: Towards a Predictive Model for a Lethal Disease. J Med Entomol 2022 Sep 14;59(5):1805-1816.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjac113pubmed: 35957606google scholar: lookup
  13. Burtis JC, Poggi JD, Duval TB, Bidlack E, Shepard JJ, Matton P, Rossetti R, Harrington LC. Evaluation of a Methoprene Aerial Application for the Control of Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) in Wetland Larval Habitats. J Med Entomol 2021 Nov 9;58(6):2330-2337.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab108pubmed: 34144601google scholar: lookup
  14. Corrin T, Ackford R, Mascarenhas M, Greig J, Waddell LA. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: A Scoping Review of the Global Evidence. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021 May;21(5):305-320.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2671pubmed: 33332203google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,970 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.