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Xylazine infusion in isoflurane-anesthetized and ventilated healthy horses: Effects on cardiovascular parameters and intestinal perfusion.

Abstract: To investigate the effects of a xylazine infusion during isoflurane anesthesia on global perfusion parameters and gastrointestinal oxygenation and microperfusion, 8 adult warmblood horses were sedated with xylazine and anesthesia induced with midazolam and ketamine. Horses were mechanically ventilated during anesthesia. After 3 h of stable isoflurane anesthesia (FIso 1.3 Vol %), a xylazine infusion with 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) per hour was started for 1 h and then stopped. Before, during, and after xylazine infusion, heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), central venous pressure (CVP), and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were measured and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was calculated. Arterial blood gases were taken and oxygen delivery (DO) and alveolar dead space (Valv) were calculated. Further intestinal oxygen and microperfusion were measured using white light spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry. Surface probes were placed median laparotomy on the stomach, the jejunum, and the colon. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare values over time ( < 0.05). During xylazine infusion, MAP, CVP, PAP, SVR, and Valv increased significantly, whereas CO, DO, and intestinal microperfusion decreased. Intestinal oxygenation remained unchanged. All parameters returned to pre-xylazine values within 1 h after stopping xylazine infusion. A xylazine infusion during constant isoflurane anesthesia in horses impairs global and intestinal perfusion without changing tissue oxygenation in normoxic healthy horses. Further studies are necessary, however, to evaluate whether a possible reduction of isoflurane concentration by xylazine infusion will ameliorate these negative effects. Afin d’étudier les effets d’une infusion de xylazine durant une anesthésie à l’isoflurane sur les paramètres globaux de perfusion ainsi que d’oxygénation et micro-perfusion gastro-intestinale, huit chevaux Warmblood adultes ont reçu une sédation avec de la xylazine et l’anesthésie induite avec du midazolam et de la kétamine. Les chevaux ont été ventilés mécaniquement durant l’anesthésie. Après 3 h d’anesthésie stable à l’isoflurane (FIso 1,3 Vol %) une infusion de xylazine à 1 mg/kg de poids corporel par heure a été débutée pour 1 h puis arrêtée. Avant, durant et après l’infusion de xylazine, le rythme cardiaque (RC), la pression artérielle (PA), le débit cardiaque (DC), la pression veineuse centrale (PVC), et la pression artérielle pulmonaire (PAP) ont été mesurés et la résistance vasculaire systémique (RVS) fut calculée. Les gaz sanguins artériels ont été pris et l’apport en oxygène (AO) et l’espace mort alvéolaire (EMA) calculés. On mesura également l’oxygène intestinal et la micro-perfusion en utilisant la spectroscopie à la lumière blanche et la débitmétrie Doppler au laser. Des sondes de surface ont été placées via laparotomie médiane sur l’estomac, le jéjunum, et le côlon. Le test de somme de rangs de Wilcoxon a été utilisé pour comparer les valeurs dans le temps ( < 0,05).Pendant l’infusion de xylazine, la PA, la PVC, la PAP, la RVS et l’EMA ont augmenté significativement, alors que le DC, l’AO et la micro-perfusion intestinale ont diminué. L’oxygénation intestinale est demeurée inchangée. Tous les paramètres sont retournés aux valeurs pré-xylazine en dedans d’une heure après l’arrêt de l’infusion de xylaxine.Chez les chevaux, une infusion de xylazine pendant une anesthésie constante à l’isoflurane affecte la perfusion totale et intestinale sans changer l’oxygénation des tissus chez des chevaux normoxiques en santé. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires toutefois pour évaluer si une réduction possible de la concentration d’isoflurane par infusion de xylazine améliorerait ces effets négatifs.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).
Publication Date: 2017-10-31 PubMed ID: 29081581PubMed Central: PMC5644447
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  • Journal Article

Summary

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This research study explores the effects of a xylazine infusion, a horse sedative, during isoflurane anesthesia on horses’ cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal oxygenation and microperfusion. The infusion of xylazine during constant isoflurane anesthesia in the study horses demonstrated a clear impact on their overall and intestinal blood flow, although it did not significantly alter tissue oxygenation.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers studied eight adult warmblood horses. The horses were first sedated with xylazine, and then anesthesia was induced with a combination of midazolam and ketamine.
  • Horses were mechanically ventilated throughout the anesthesia. After three hours of stable isoflurane anesthesia, xylazine infusion commenced at a rate of 1 mg/kg body weight per hour for one hour, after which it was stopped.
  • Several variables, such as heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), oxygen delivery (DO), alveolar dead space (Valv), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were measured before, during, and after the administration of xylazine.
  • Advanced methods like white light spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry were brought into use to measure intestinal oxygen and microperfusion.

Key Findings

  • During the xylazine infusion, there was a significant increase in blood pressure (MAP, CVP, PAP), SVR, and Valv, indicating a rise in resistance to blood flow and an increase in non-functional alveolar space.
  • Conversely, the cardiac output (CO), oxygen delivery (DO), and intestinal microperfusion decreased, signifying a reduction in the blood volume pumped by the heart and the amount of oxygen transported to the body tissues.
  • However, the level of oxygenation in the intestinal tissue remained unchanged during the course of xylazine infusion.
  • All the measured parameters reverted back to their pre-xylazine values within an hour of stopping the xylazine infusion.

Implications and Future Directions

The study concludes that xylazine infusion during constant isoflurane anesthesia impairs the global and intestinal perfusion — the blood flow through the circulatory system and blood reaching the intestine, respectively, but doesn’t affect tissue oxygenation level in healthy, normoxic horses.

However, the researchers indicated that further studies are necessary to investigate if the reduction of isoflurane concentration through xylazine infusion may mitigate these negative effects. Thus, the research opens up avenues for exploring the optimal combination and quantity of these anesthetics to balance the anesthesia effects and health of the horse.

Cite This Article

APA
Hopster K, Wittenberg-Voges L, Kästner SBR. (2017). Xylazine infusion in isoflurane-anesthetized and ventilated healthy horses: Effects on cardiovascular parameters and intestinal perfusion. Can J Vet Res, 81(4), 249-254.

Publication

ISSN: 1928-9022
NlmUniqueID: 8607793
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 81
Issue: 4
Pages: 249-254

Researcher Affiliations

Hopster, Klaus
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hanover, Germany.
Wittenberg-Voges, Liza
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hanover, Germany.
Kästner, Sabine B R
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hanover, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / administration & dosage
  • Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / pharmacology
  • Anesthesia, Inhalation / veterinary
  • Anesthetics, Inhalation / administration & dosage
  • Anesthetics, Inhalation / pharmacology
  • Animals
  • Blood Pressure / drug effects
  • Cardiac Output / drug effects
  • Female
  • Horses / physiology
  • Intestines / blood supply
  • Intestines / drug effects
  • Isoflurane / administration & dosage
  • Isoflurane / pharmacology
  • Male
  • Oxygen / blood
  • Oxygen / metabolism
  • Vascular Resistance / drug effects
  • Xylazine / administration & dosage
  • Xylazine / pharmacology

Conflict of Interest Statement

No funding was received for this study. None of the authors has any financial conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
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