Xylazine infusion in isoflurane-anesthetized and ventilated healthy horses: Effects on cardiovascular parameters and intestinal perfusion.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research study explores the effects of a xylazine infusion, a horse sedative, during isoflurane anesthesia on horses’ cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal oxygenation and microperfusion. The infusion of xylazine during constant isoflurane anesthesia in the study horses demonstrated a clear impact on their overall and intestinal blood flow, although it did not significantly alter tissue oxygenation.
Research Methodology
- The researchers studied eight adult warmblood horses. The horses were first sedated with xylazine, and then anesthesia was induced with a combination of midazolam and ketamine.
- Horses were mechanically ventilated throughout the anesthesia. After three hours of stable isoflurane anesthesia, xylazine infusion commenced at a rate of 1 mg/kg body weight per hour for one hour, after which it was stopped.
- Several variables, such as heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), oxygen delivery (DO), alveolar dead space (Valv), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were measured before, during, and after the administration of xylazine.
- Advanced methods like white light spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry were brought into use to measure intestinal oxygen and microperfusion.
Key Findings
- During the xylazine infusion, there was a significant increase in blood pressure (MAP, CVP, PAP), SVR, and Valv, indicating a rise in resistance to blood flow and an increase in non-functional alveolar space.
- Conversely, the cardiac output (CO), oxygen delivery (DO), and intestinal microperfusion decreased, signifying a reduction in the blood volume pumped by the heart and the amount of oxygen transported to the body tissues.
- However, the level of oxygenation in the intestinal tissue remained unchanged during the course of xylazine infusion.
- All the measured parameters reverted back to their pre-xylazine values within an hour of stopping the xylazine infusion.
Implications and Future Directions
The study concludes that xylazine infusion during constant isoflurane anesthesia impairs the global and intestinal perfusion — the blood flow through the circulatory system and blood reaching the intestine, respectively, but doesn’t affect tissue oxygenation level in healthy, normoxic horses.
However, the researchers indicated that further studies are necessary to investigate if the reduction of isoflurane concentration through xylazine infusion may mitigate these negative effects. Thus, the research opens up avenues for exploring the optimal combination and quantity of these anesthetics to balance the anesthesia effects and health of the horse.
Cite This Article
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hanover, Germany.
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hanover, Germany.
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hanover, Germany.
MeSH Terms
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / administration & dosage
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / pharmacology
- Anesthesia, Inhalation / veterinary
- Anesthetics, Inhalation / administration & dosage
- Anesthetics, Inhalation / pharmacology
- Animals
- Blood Pressure / drug effects
- Cardiac Output / drug effects
- Female
- Horses / physiology
- Intestines / blood supply
- Intestines / drug effects
- Isoflurane / administration & dosage
- Isoflurane / pharmacology
- Male
- Oxygen / blood
- Oxygen / metabolism
- Vascular Resistance / drug effects
- Xylazine / administration & dosage
- Xylazine / pharmacology
Conflict of Interest Statement
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Citations
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- Laves J, Wergin M, Bauer N, Müller SF, Failing K, Büttner K, Hagen A, Melzer M, Röcken M. The effect of Traumeel LT ad us. vet. on the perioperative inflammatory response after castration of stallions: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1342345.
- Ruíz-López P, Cuypers C, Schauvliege S. Xylazine Infusion during Equine Colic Anesthesia with Isoflurane and Lidocaine: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2023 Sep 13;13(18).