Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology.
Discontinued
Publisher:
P. J. D. Publications.
Frequency: Monthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Start Year:1970 - 1994
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0034-5164 (Print) 0034-5164 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 0244734 |
| (DNLM): | R23340000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01763760 |
| Coden: | RCOCB8 |
| Classification: | W1 RE216K |
Plasma concentration of furosemide versus specific gravity of urine in predicting dose of administration in race horses. This study was undertaken to determine the applicability of plasma concentration of furosemide and specific gravity (SG) of urine in regulating the use of furosemide administered 4 hours prior to race time in Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) race horses. Nonbleeders (CTL) and certified bleeders (FUR) actively racing in Illinois (IL) and Pennsylvania (PA) were used in the study. Various doses (less than 250, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500 mg) were administered either as a single intravenous (IV) dose or as a combination (IV-IM) of IV and intramuscular (IM) administrations 4 hours before...
Evaluation of threshold doses of drug action in the horse using hematocrit values as an indicator. This study was designed to explore the use of hematocrit values as possible indicators of the threshold doses of adrenergic drugs in the performance horse. Acepromazine, detomidine, and fluphenazine were tested for their effects on hematocrit values, with the threshold dose for these effects investigated. Hematocrit values were shown to be quite sensitive to the administration of acepromazine with doses as low as 50 micrograms/horse producing detectable depressions in hematocrit values for up to 2 hours. Increasing the dose increased the magnitude of the effect, but did not appear to prolong i...
In-vitro plasma protein binding of propafenone and protein profile in eight mammalian species. The protein binding of propafenone in vitro was assessed in plasma of mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, sheep, man, cow, and horse at two concentration levels. In all species and at both concentrations propafenone was found highly bound (86-99%) to plasma proteins. No significant relationship was found between free propafenone and the plasma protein fractions. A concentration-dependency was seen in plasma of mouse, sheep, man, and horse, in which the free fraction of propafenone became larger on raising the concentration. Qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in the protein plasma prof...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. IX. Detection of detomidine in equine blood and urine by radioimmunoassay. Detomidine is a potent non-narcotic sedative agent which is currently in the process of being approved for veterinary clinical use in the United States. Since no effective screening method in horses is available for detomidine, we have developed an 125I radioimmunoassay for detomidine in equine blood and urine as part of a panel of tests for illegal drugs in performance horses. Our 125I radioimmunoassay has an I-50 for detomidine of approximately 2 ng/ml. Our assay shows limited cross-reactivity with the pharmacodynamically similar xylazine, but does not cross-react with acepromazine, epinephr...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. XI. ELISA and RIA detection of fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil and carfentanil in equine blood and urine. We have developed and evaluated a one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for sufentanil and a 125I radioimmunoassay test for alfentanil as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for narcotic analgesics in racing horses. Our sufentanil ELISA test detects sufentanil with an I-50 of about 0.5 ng/ml. The test is rapid and economical in that it can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. The test readily detects the presence of sufentanil or its metabolites in equine blood and urine from 1 to 24 hours respectively after administration of therapeutic or s...
Non-isotopic immunoassay drug tests in racing horses: a review of their application to pre- and post-race testing, drug quantitation, and human drug testing. We have introduced large scale non-isotopic immunoassay testing into pre- and post-race drug testing in racehorses. The technologies utilized are Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immuno Assay (PCFIA) and the one-step Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). These technologies are rapid, inexpensive, and highly effective. On introduction into post-race testing in the Western United States, these ELISA tests exposed several previously undetected patterns of drug abuse. The drugs detected were buprenorphine, oxymorphone, mazindol, sufentanil and cocaine. This led to the suspension of a larg...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. VII. Detection of acepromazine in equine urine and blood by ELISA and PCFIA. We have developed and evaluated a one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and a particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) test for acepromazine as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for illegal medications in racing horses. These tests are rapid, sensitive and economical and development of the tests occurred in less than seven months. The ELISA test detects acepromazine with an I-50 of about 150 pg/ml. In vivo, it readily detects the presence of acepromazine or its metabolites in equine blood and urine from 8 to 72 hours or longer, respectively, after adm...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. VI. Detection of furosemide (Lasix) in equine blood by a one step ELISA and PCFIA. A one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a particle concentration fluorescent immunoassay (PCFIA) test for furosemide were evaluated as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for illegal medication of racing horses. These tests are very sensitive to furosemide with an I-50 for furosemide of about 20 ng/ml. The test is also rapid; an average pre-race complement of 10 samples can be analyzed in 90 minutes or less. The ELISA test results can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. Both the PCFIA test and the ELISA test readily detect the presence of fur...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. IV. Detection of fentanyl and its congeners in equine blood and urine by a one step ELISA assay. We have developed and evaluated a one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for fentanyl as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for narcotic analgesics in racing horses. This ELISA test detects fentanyl with an I-50 of about 100 pg/ml. The test is economical in that it can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. The test is rapid, and ten samples, a normal pre-race complement, can be analyzed in about twenty minutes. The test readily detects the presence of fentanyl or its metabolites in equine blood and urine from two and twenty-four hours respecti...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. III. Detection of morphine in equine blood and urine by a one step ELISA assay. A one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for morphine was evaluated as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for narcotic analgesics in racing horses. This ELISA test is very sensitive to morphine with an I-50 for morphine of about 400 pg/ml. The test is also rapid, and ten samples, a normal pre-race complement, can be analyzed in about thirty minutes. The test can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. The test readily detects the presence of morphine or its metabolites in equine blood for up to six hours after administration of sub-therapeutic d...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in horses. I. Particle concentration fluoroimmunoassay detection of fentanyl and its congeners. We investigated the use of particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) as a technique for drug detection in racing horses. The test was constructed from an antiserum to a carboxyfentanyl-BSA conjugate and carboxyfentanyl linked to b-Phycoerythrin. Using these reagents and a PCFIA apparatus levels of fentanyl as low as 0.1 ng/ml could be detected by the assay. In addition, cross-reactivity studies on this assay showed that the anti-serum cross-reacted well with carfentanil, sufentanil and the methylated analogs of fentanyl. We therefore evaluated the ability of these agents to produ...
Radioimmunoassay screening for etorphine in racing horses. A commercially available radioimmunoassay kit was used to screen for the presence of etorphine in post-race urines from horses racing in Kentucky. Most horse urines contained small amounts of materials which reacted positively in this immunoassay. These materials are apparently endogenous to the horse and were called apparent etorphine equivalents. The levels of these apparent etorphine equivalents in post-race urines from 70 horses were estimated. Their modal level averaged 0.1 ng/ml, the population distribution was log normal, and individual horses showed levels of up to 0.8 ng/ml.
The effects of naloxone on endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock in horses. The effects of naloxone on the cardiovascular, hematologic and metabolic derangements associated with endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock were studied in unanesthetized horses. In the first of 3 experiments blood glucose and lactate levels, hematocrit, white, red and differential white cell counts, rectal temperature and clinical signs were obtained before and after endotoxin (10 micrograms/Kg) administration in 5 horses. In the second experiment, two groups of 3 horses received either intravenous naloxone (0.04 mg/Kg) or saline, 7 minutes prior to endotoxin. In a third experiment two groups of 4 ...
Equine influenza virus enhances responsiveness of guinea-pig tracheal muscle to isoprenaline. Groups of guinea-pigs were vaccinated with equine influenza A-1 virus and helically-cut tracheal strips were subsequently contracted to carbachol (EC50) and relaxed to isoprenaline at 3, 5 and 10 days post-vaccination. Tracheas from another group were contracted to phenylephrine in the presence of propranolol. Compared to controls, responses to isoprenaline in virus-infected tracheas were significantly potentiated at days 3 and 10. Virus infection significantly inhibited tracheal responsiveness to phenylephrine. It appears that enhancement of isoprenaline may be caused by diminished reactivity...
Effects of enkephalins versus opiates on locomotor activity of the horse. The enkephalins are small, pentapeptide neurotransmitter molecules which have reportedly been used in racing horses. In our experiments, D-Ala2-Metenkephalinamide and leucine enkephalin were administered to horses intravenously (IV) and intracisternally (IC). Leucine enkephalin had little effect on locomotor activity by either route at doses of 0.01 mg/Kg or less. Methionine enkephalinamide, an enzyme resistant enkephalin analog, had no significant effect when given IV (0.002 and 0.008 mg/kg). Other experiments involving intracisternal dosing with this long acting form at higher levels (0.005-...
Furosemide, Patella vulgata beta-glucuronidase and drug analysis: conditions for enhancement of the TLC detection of apomorphine, butorphanol, hydromorphone, nalbuphine, oxymorphone and pentazocine in equine urine. We have investigated the action of five sources of beta-glucuronidase enzymes on the hydrolysis of glucuronides of apomorphine, butorphanol, hydromorphone, nalbuphine, oxymorphone and pentazocine in equine urine. For all glucuronides tested, Patella vulgata beta-glucuronidase yielded the largest thin layer chromatographic (TLC) spots. For oxymorphone, P. vulgata was the only treatment to yield detectable TLC spots under test parameters. For these six drugs, TLC spot size and chromatographic quality were compared between control horses and horses pretreated with furosemide four hours earlier. F...
Electron capture detection of an apomorphine heptafluorobutyrate derivative at low picogram levels. An electron capturing derivative of apomorphine was prepared by incubating the drug with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA), triethylamine and heat. Mass spectral analysis suggests that HFBA reacts with both phenolic hydroxyl groups on apomorphine to give a derivative detectable at low picogram levels. This method is sufficiently sensitive for pharmacokinetic studies in the horse and is likely applicable to other dopaminergic analogues of apomorphine.
Drug interactions in the horse: effect of furosemide on plasma and urinary levels of phenylbutazone. Horses pretreated with 6.6 mg/kg of phenylbutazone were injected with 1 mg/kg of furosemide intravenously. Furosemide had no clinically significant effect on either plasma levels or plasma half-life of phenylbutazone. Furosemide reduced urinary levels of phenylbutazone 18-fold to concentrations which may result in inconsistent drug detection in routine screening tests. The results show that it is not possible to monitor compliance with phenylbutazone medication rules by means of urinalysis alone if the use of furosemide is permitted. Furosemide treatment, however, does not interfere with monit...
Pine oil toxicity in the horse: drug detection, residues and pathological changes. This report concerns the detection and acute toxicity of pine oil (a commercially available disinfectant) after intravenous administration in horses. alpha Terpineol was identified as a major constituent of pine oil. alpha Terpineol was recovered from equine tissues by extraction into heptane and detected by gas chromatography, using either flame ionization detection or pentafluoropropionic anhydride derivatization and electron capture detection. After intravenous injection of 0.1 ml/kg, death due to massive pulmonary edema occurred within minutes. In this animal blood and tissue levels of alp...
Chemical mediators of anaphylaxis (histamine, 5-HT, and SRS-A) released from horse lung and leukocytes in vitro. Horses were sensitized to bovine plasma in Freund's complete adjuvant. Leukocytes, separated from venous blood, yielded histamine upon incubation with bovine plasma. Ioslated lung fragments incubated with bovine plasma liberated histamine and 5-HT, but not SRS-A. Pulmonary veins obtained from the same animals contracted to histamine, 5-HT and to antigen (Schultz-Dale reaction). Histamine and 5-HT probably contribute to immediate-type hypersensitivity in horses whereas the role of SRS-A is not proved.
Recovery of procaine from biological fluids. A published method for the recovery of procaine from human plasma using 5M NaOH gave very poor recoveries. Investigation showed that under the recommended extraction conditions procaine was rapidly hydrolysed. Extraction into benzene of samples buffered to pH 9.0 with borate buffer allowed essentially 100% recovery of procaine from equine plasma and urine.