Veterinary and human toxicology.
Discontinued
Periodical
Toxicology
Veterinary Medicine
Publisher:
American College of Veterinary Toxicologists.
Frequency: Bimonthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
American College of Veterinary Toxicologists.
Start Year:1977 - 2004
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0145-6296 (Print) 0145-6296 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 7704194 |
| (DNLM): | V05760000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 02765341 |
| Coden: | VHTODE |
| Classification: | W1 VE923 |
The value of zinc protoporphyrin in equine lead poisoning: a case report.
Veterinary and human toxicology
February 1, 1981
Volume 23, Issue 1 12-15
Kowalczyk DF, Naylor JM, Gunson D.A diagnosis of lead poisoning in a foal was established based on clinical signs and the presence of an elevation in the concentration of blood lead (40 microgram/dl). Additionally, ZPP was determined in whole blood and found to be significantly elevated compared to 10 normal horses not exposed to lead (634 vs 73 microgram/dl). An elevation in ZPP in man has been found to be a sensitive biochemical indicator of lead toxicity even before overt clinical signs are present. This report suggests that ZPP may be a useful screening test for evaluating biological toxicity due to lead in horses and poss... Chronic phenylmercuric acetate toxicity in a horse.
Veterinary and human toxicology
October 1, 1979
Volume 21, Issue 5 321-327
Roberts MC, Seawright AA, Ng JC.Phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) was administered orally to a horse over a period of 27 weeks (190 days) at a dose rate of 0.4 mg Hg/kg per day. The effects produced were consistent with those of chronic inorganic mercury intoxication. The clinical features included masseter muscle atrophy, difficulty in prehension and mastication, malodorous breath, reduced appetite and weight loss, and reflected significant pathological changes involving the buccal, mandibular and dental tissues. Renal dysfunction was evident terminally and there was degeration and necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelium. Ne... Equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELEM): a study of Fusarium moniliforme as an etiologic agent.
Veterinary and human toxicology
October 1, 1979
Volume 21, Issue 5 348-351
Haliburton JC, Vesonder RF, Lock TF, Buck WB.Signs and lesions characteristic of equine leucoencephalomalacia were produced in one of two donkeys given corn cultured with Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. Gross and histopathologic lesions of the cerebrum included an extensive necrotic cavitation within one cerebral hemisphere, disruption and rarefication of the subcortical white matter, prominent perivascular hemorrhage, and some mononuclear cell perivascular cuffing. Another donkey and three rabbits fed the cultured corn did not develop characteristic signs or lesions of the toxicosis. Chick bioassay studies indicated that the cultured corn... The veterinary importance of the toxic syndrome induced by ionophores.
Veterinary and human toxicology
February 1, 1992
Volume 34, Issue 1 66-70
Novilla MN.Monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin and maduramicin are carboxylic ionophores intended for use as anticoccidial drugs for poultry and as growth promotants for ruminants. Generally, ionophores have been found safe and effective in the target animals receiving recommended dosage levels. However, toxic syndromes can result from overdosage and misuse situations. More information and reports of adverse reactions are available for monensin than the other ionophores because of monensin's longstanding and widespread use in the poultry and livestock industries. Care must be exercised in the diagn... Read More
17
Fumonisin toxicosis in domestic animals: a review.
Veterinary and human toxicology
December 1, 1994
Volume 36, Issue 6 548-555
Diaz GJ, Boermans HJ.Fumonisins are the most recently discovered group of mycotoxins with important implications in animal health. Equine leucoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema are diseases observed for many years, but their etiology was unknown. These 2 syndromes were recently reproduced experimentally after administration of purified fumonisin B1 (FB1). The main target organs for the toxic actions of FB1 are the brain in horses and the lungs in the case of swine. However, severe liver damage in both species and pancreatic lesions in swine are also observed, especially when Fusarium moniliforme culture... Read More
12
Hazards in confinement housing–gases and dusts in confined animal houses for swine, poultry, horses and humans.
Veterinary and human toxicology
February 1, 1991
Volume 33, Issue 1 32-39
Pickrell J.Indoor atmospheres in swine or poultry confinement buildings, horse stalls or human dwellings contain gases, dusts and endotoxin in concentrations significantly in excess of those in outdoor environments. Although concentrations of such constituents differ appreciably between species, many of such differences may be related to differences in indoor mass loading and ventilation, or to the homogeneity of such ventilation. The high protein content of these indoor dust particles suggest they are of animal origin. Their ability to form bacterial colonies and to form or bind endotoxin suggest that t... Equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELEM): a study of Fusarium moniliforme as an etiologic agent.
Veterinary and human toxicology
October 1, 1979
Volume 21, Issue 5 348-351
Haliburton JC, Vesonder RF, Lock TF, Buck WB.Signs and lesions characteristic of equine leucoencephalomalacia were produced in one of two donkeys given corn cultured with Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. Gross and histopathologic lesions of the cerebrum included an extensive necrotic cavitation within one cerebral hemisphere, disruption and rarefication of the subcortical white matter, prominent perivascular hemorrhage, and some mononuclear cell perivascular cuffing. Another donkey and three rabbits fed the cultured corn did not develop characteristic signs or lesions of the toxicosis. Chick bioassay studies indicated that the cultured corn... Characterization of experimentally induced equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) in ponies (Equus caballus): preliminary report.
Veterinary and human toxicology
February 1, 1987
Volume 29, Issue 1 34-38
Brownie CF, Cullen J.An isolate of Fusarium moniliforme (M-1225 Cairo #1) was cultured on autoclaved corn and fed daily to 5 ponies at a rate of 2.5 g corn/kg body wt. One pony developed clinical signs of toxicity after 28 days and was sacrificed. The remaining 4 ponies developed no clinical sign of toxicity even after extended exposure. Hematology, serum chemistry, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and liver and brain pathology were evaluated as possible diagnostic and prognostic indicators. Hematology was not informative. Aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities were elevated only in the c... Alterations in bovine serum biochemistry profiles associated with prolonged consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue.
Veterinary and human toxicology
June 1, 1999
Volume 41, Issue 3 133-139
Schultze AE, Rohrbach BW, Fribourg HA, Waller JC, Oliver JW.Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a forage grass that is widely used in pastures in the eastern US for cattle, sheep and horses. The endophytic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum is endemic in tall fescue pastures in the US. The turfgrass industry intentionally infects fescue cultivars with strains of the fungus to impart desirable growth and disease tolerance qualities to the plants. In contrast, ergot and pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxins produced by fungus-infected plants have been incriminated causally in bovine tall fescue toxicosis, a poorly defined syndrome of morbidity that occurs in catt... Taxus (yews)–a highly toxic plant.
Veterinary and human toxicology
December 1, 1988
Volume 30, Issue 6 563-564
Ogden L.No abstract available Detecting Taxus poisoning in horses using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Veterinary and human toxicology
June 6, 2000
Volume 42, Issue 3 151-154
Kite GC, Lawrence TJ, Dauncey EA.A method is described for the analysis of taxine alkaloids by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. It is applicable to the detection of taxine alkaloids in the stomach contents of horses in which Taxus poisoning is suspected. Analysis of a leaf extract of Taxus baccata revealed unreported alkaloids of the same relative molecular mass as taxine B and isotaxine B. Mushroom toxicity in a horse with meningioangiomatosis.
Veterinary and human toxicology
June 6, 2000
Volume 42, Issue 3 166-167
Frazier K, Liggett A, Hines M, Styer E.We describe a fatal case of mushroom intoxication in an 18-y-o horse presumably due to Amanita verna. Horses are normally regarded as too fastidious to eat the ill-flavored toadstools. In this case, the horse had a rare benign brain tumor, meningioangiomatosis, which may have altered the horse's normal eating behavior resulting in consumption of the mushrooms. Monensin poisoning in Brazilian horses.
Veterinary and human toxicology
December 11, 1999
Volume 41, Issue 6 383-385
Bezerra PS, Driemeier D, Loretti AP, Riet-Correa F, Kamphues J, de Barros CS.Three outbreaks of monensin poisoning caused 12 deaths in 16 horses. The illnesses were associated with the ingestion of the same batch of a commercial ration labeled for feeder calves which contained 180 +/- 20 ppm sodium monensin. The morbidity rate was 100% and lethality was 60%, 75%, and 100%. Clinical signs were tachycardia and cardiac arrythmia, groaning, incoordination, sudoresis, recumbency, and paddling movements with the limbs before death. Two horses had dark discolored urine (myoglobinuria). Serum levels of creatine phosphokinase activity were increased. Main necropsy findings were... Aflatoxin in dog and horse feeds in turkey.
Veterinary and human toxicology
April 5, 2002
Volume 44, Issue 2 113-114
Gunsen U, Yaroglu T.Aflatoxin levels were determined by ELISA in 18 dog and 20 horse feed samples, collected from different firms from June 2000 to June 2001 in Turkey. The minimum and maximum levels of total aflatoxin in the dog and horse feeds were <1.75-20 microg/kg and <1.75-14 microg/kg, respectively; 3/18 dog feed samples (16.7%) and 2/20 horse feed samples (10%) exceeded the Turkish tolerance limit of 10 microg/kg in food or feed. Heavy metal concentrations in injured racehorses.
Veterinary and human toxicology
June 1, 1996
Volume 38, Issue 3 204-206
Plumlee KH, Johnson B, Gardner IA.Records were reviewed of horses that had fatal injuries at California racetracks over a 16-mo period. Horses were categorized based on injury type, sex, age and breed. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, molybdenum and zinc concentrations were measured in the liver and kidneys from each horse. Arsenic and lead were not detected in any tissues. Liver heavy metal concentrations were not related to the injury type. Kidney iron concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in horses with ligament ruptures and in horses with fractured sesamoid, carpus or metacarpus/metatarsus bones. Live... A survey of blood lead concentrations in horses in the north Idaho lead/silver belt area.
Veterinary and human toxicology
October 1, 1981
Volume 23, Issue 5 328-330
Burrows GE, Sharp JW, Root RG.No abstract available A review of moxidectin overdose cases in equines from 1998 through 2000.
Veterinary and human toxicology
July 26, 2002
Volume 44, Issue 4 232-235
Khan SA, Kuster DA, Hansen SR.Moxidectin is a macrolide endectocide available as a 2% equine oral gel in the US. This report presents clinical signs of moxidectin toxicosis and its treatment in equines as reported to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) from January 1998 to December 2000. Nine cases of moxidectin overdose in equines occurred: 5 had signs of toxicosis such as coma, dyspnea, depression, ataxia, tremors, seizures, or weakness. The approximate dose of moxidectin at which these signs were observed ranged from 1.0 to 5.1 mg/kg. The 4 equines that ingested moxidectin between 0.9 mg/kg to 1.7 mg/kg did no... Toxicity of Cassia occidentalis in the horse.
Veterinary and human toxicology
December 1, 1981
Volume 23, Issue 6 416-417
Martin BW, Terry MK, Bridges CH, Bailey EM.Three Shetland ponies were given a single oral dose of ground Cassia occidentalis seeds in aqueous suspension. The clinical signs observed resembled those seen in naturally occurring and experimental cases in cattle. The syndrome was characterized by an afebrile course, incoordination, recumbency and death. Elevations of blood alkaline phosphatase, CPK, LDH, and SGOT were observed. Although muscle lesions were not seen grossly, microscopic lesions included segmental necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers. The findings were regarded as sufficiently characteristic of C. occidentalis poisoning to be ... 162 cases of aldicarb intoxication in Georgia domestic animals from 1988-1998.
Veterinary and human toxicology
August 6, 1999
Volume 41, Issue 4 233-235
Frazier K, Hullinger G, Hines M, Liggett A, Sangster L.A 10-y retrospective study of aldicarb intoxication in domestic animals from 1988 to 1998 is provided from animals submitted to the University of Georgia Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory. Within the period examined, 162 separate cases were confirmed and 18 additional cases were suspected based on bioassay but could not be confirmed. Some cases involving as many as 15 affected animals. Dogs were most often involved, but cats, horses, cattle and goats were also poisoned. Most intoxications appeared intentional or malicious. "Baits" including frankfurters, ham or ground beef w... Fusariotoxicoses of farm animals and mycotoxic leucoencephalomalacia of the equine associated with the finding of trichothecenes in feedstuffs.
Veterinary and human toxicology
June 1, 1986
Volume 28, Issue 3 207-212
Gabal MA, Awad YL, Morcos MB, Barakat AM, Malik G.Mycotoxicoses involving horses, rabbits and cattle have been studied. Fusarium tricinctum and T-2 toxin were isolated from all incriminated feedstuffs. Other isolated trichothecenes from the feed included HT-2, verrucarins and roridin. The toxins were separated, identified and quantitated using thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. T-2 toxin was detected in amounts varying from 0.5-204 ppm. The contaminated feedstuffs in connection with the affected horses and rabbits, included cereal grains (corn, cornstalks, bran and barley), whereas fescue hay was assoc... Toxigenic strains of Stachybotrys atra associated with poisonous straw in Morocco.
Veterinary and human toxicology
April 1, 1994
Volume 36, Issue 2 93-96
Tantaoui-Elaraki A, Mekouar SL, el Hamidi M, Senhaji M.From 10 moldy straw samples collected in a Moroccan area with an apparent equine stachybotryotoxicosis outbreak in November 1991, 8 isolates of Stachybotrys atra were obtained. They all showed toxigenesis, however they were variable in nature and intensity. While 1 isolate had only mild toxicity when fed to mice as moldy barley, another revealed very high toxicity to Artemia saline larvae, or rat skin, and to mice. The toxicity of the other 6 isolates were between these 2 limits. This study indicates that the November 1991 outbreak was due to toxigenic strains of Stachybotrys atra. Sorghum cystitis ataxia syndrome in horses.
Veterinary and human toxicology
December 1, 1990
Volume 32, Issue 6 582
Morgan SE, Johnson B, Brewer B, Walker J.No abstract available A literature review on the toxicity of lasalocid, a polyether antibiotic.
Veterinary and human toxicology
August 1, 1984
Volume 26, Issue 4 322-326
Galitzer SJ, Oehme FW.No abstract available Copper deficiency in cattle, sheep and horses caused by excess molybdenum from fly ash: a case report.
Veterinary and human toxicology
February 1, 1995
Volume 37, Issue 1 63-65
Ladefoged O, Stürup S.A case of copper deficiency or molybdenum toxicosis in cattle, sheep and horses after heavy pollution of a pasture with fly ash is described. If the pastures had not been grazed by cattle and sheep as well as the horses, it would have been difficult to identify the reason for the intoxication in the horses. It is argued that molybdenum intoxication, although seldom seen in non-ruminants, was the cause of the deaths of the horses. It is suggested that the bioavailability of molybdenum in fly ash is high and therefore can cause equine intoxication. Fatal yew (Taxus sp) poisoning in Willamette Valley, Oregon, horses.
Veterinary and human toxicology
October 19, 2004
Volume 46, Issue 5 279-281
Cope RB, Camp C, Lohr CV.Despite the well-founded reputation of plants of the genus Taxus as being amongst the most toxic plants for domestic livestock in the US, there are surprisingly few published case reports of yew poisoning in horses. This report documents 2 acute fatalities in horses in the central Willamette Valley, OR associated with the consumption of Taxus sp. The predominant features of the intoxication were peracute death, with no signs of struggling or convulsions, in otherwise fit and well managed adult horses. The most significant gross necropsy findings were limited to pulmonary congestion and hemorrh... Propylene glycol toxicosis in a mare.
Veterinary and human toxicology
October 21, 1998
Volume 40, Issue 5 294-296
McClanahan S, Hunter J, Murphy M, Valberg S.Propylene glycol and mineral oil are commonly used in the veterinary profession for treatment of bovine ketosis and equine impactions, respectively. Accidental administration of 6.0 ml propylene glycol/kg of body weight in horses causes severe depression, ataxia and malodorous breath and feces. However, appropriate medical therapy can result in successful treatment of this toxicosis. A cluster of equine granulomatous enteritis cases: the link with aluminium.
Veterinary and human toxicology
October 21, 1998
Volume 40, Issue 5 297-305
Fogarty U, Perl D, Good P, Ensley S, Seawright A, Noonan J.A cluster of 6 cases of equine granulomatous enteritis is described. Aluminium was demonstrated in the tissues and lesions of these horses and in the intimal bodies of intestinal vessels. The relationship between granulomatous lesions, aluminium, acidity and invading microorganisms, particularly parasites, is presented and discussed. Patterns of animal poisonings reported to the Texas Poison Center Network: 1998-2002.
Veterinary and human toxicology
April 15, 2004
Volume 46, Issue 2 96-99
Forrester MB, Stanley SK.A portion of calls handled by poison centers involve poisonings of animals; however, information on such calls is limited. This study used data from poison centers in Texas collected during 1998-2002 to document the epidemiology of animal poisoning calls. There were a total of 24,467 animal poisoning calls, representing 2.0% of all calls. Dogs were affected in 87% of the calls and cats in 11%. The exposures were unintentional in 99% of the cases, occurred via ingestion in 95% and involved dermal exposure in 5% of the cases. Exposures occurred at the owner's own residence 91% of the time and we... Black walnut induced laminitis.
Veterinary and human toxicology
February 12, 2000
Volume 42, Issue 1 8-11
Thomsen ME, Davis EG, Rush BR.A 5-y-old Paint horse gelding was evaluated for acute laminitis after exposure to black walnut shavings. The gelding's feet were previously soaked in an ice bath continuously for approximately 24 h. Treatment consisted of anti-inflammatory and vasodilator therapy. Serial radiographs revealed progressive palmar deviation of the third phalanx and subsolar abscesses in both forefeet. The gelding developed purulent discharge from the right coronary band and the hoof wall detached circumfrentially. Euthanasia was elected after 54 days. Continual exposure of the gelding's feet to ice water temperatu... The induction of equine laminitis with an aqueous extract of the heartwood of black walnut (Juglans nigra).
Veterinary and human toxicology
June 1, 1987
Volume 29, Issue 3 230-233
Minnick PD, Brown CM, Braselton WE, Meerdink GL, Slanker MR.An aqueous extract of the heartwood of black walnut (Juglans nigra) was given via stomach tube to 10 horses. Eight developed Obel grade 3 or 4 laminitis within 12 hr. Limb edema and mild sedation were the only other clinical signs observed. One horse was euthanized due to severe signs. The other 7 recovered within 6 days. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of aqueous extracts of heartwood, bark and nuts of black walnut identified juglone in the bark and nuts, but not in the heartwood. It was concluded that the aqueous extract of heartwood is laminogenic to horses, but the active ingredient i... Crotalaria juncea intoxication in horses.
Veterinary and human toxicology
October 1, 1994
Volume 36, Issue 5 445-448
Nobre D, Dagli ML, Haraguchi M.Twenty horses died 30 d after being fed a diet containing 40% of tritured Crotalaria juncea seeds. Before death, they had staggering, dyspnea and fever. At necropsy the most evident lesions were areas of lung parenchyma consolidation and enlarged and congested livers. Histopathological examination revealed diffuse fibrosing alveolitis with hyaline membranes, suggesting a blood-borne insult, and passive congestion in the liver with compression of the hepatocyte trabecules. To confirm the diagnosis, guinea pigs were given 60% of a commercial diet + 40% tritured C juncea seeds. After 4 mo of feed... Lasalocid toxicosis is inadequately quantified for horses.
Veterinary and human toxicology
July 26, 2002
Volume 44, Issue 4 245-247
Kronfeld DS.The current estimate of LD50, 21.5 mg/kg BW, for lasalocid in horses is based on an analysis of 8 data from 4 horses that died at dose levels of 15, 21, 22 and 26 mg/kg. This analysis neglected 14 data from another 6 horses that survived at dose levels of 5, 10,14, 18, 19, 25, 29 and 50 mg/kg, and so was biased by selection of data. An examination of all the data indicates they are insufficient to determine the LD50. In contrast, the whole data set suggests a lowest toxic dose of 15 mg/kg, although this estimate was based on only 1 affected animal in 8 tests from 5 to 15 mg/kg in an unbalanced... The identification of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid exposure in horses by the demonstration of sulphur-bound pyrrolic metabolites on their hemoglobin.
Veterinary and human toxicology
June 1, 1991
Volume 33, Issue 3 286-287
Seawright AA, Hrdlicka J, Wright JD, Kerr DR, Mattocks AR, Jukes R.No abstract available