Bone resorption in horses refers to the physiological process where bone tissue is broken down, and minerals such as calcium are released into the bloodstream. This process is a normal part of bone remodeling, a cycle that maintains bone strength and mineral homeostasis. In horses, bone resorption can be influenced by various factors, including age, diet, exercise, and hormonal changes. Abnormal bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis or other metabolic bone diseases. This topic includes peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, regulation, and implications of bone resorption in equine health and disease.
Suva LJ, Cooper A, Watts AE, Ebetino FH, Price J, Gaddy D.Bisphosphonates (BPs) are characterized by their ability to bind strongly to bone mineral and inhibit bone resorption. However, BPs exert a wide range of pharmacological activities beyond the inhibition of bone resorption, including the inhibition of cancer cell metastases and angiogenesis and the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in vitro. Additionally, the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity, altered cytokine and growth factor expression, as well as reductions in parameters of pain have also been reported. In humans, clinical BP use has transformed the treatment of post-m...
Kamr AM, Dembek KA, Gilsenan W, Bozorgmanesh R, Hassan HY, Rosol TJ, Toribio RE.Hypocalcemia is a common finding in critically ill equine patients. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps to maintain calcium homeostasis in hypocalcemic patients by promoting renal calcium reabsorption and bone resorption. Increased serum PTH concentrations have been reported in critically ill people and animals, including horses and foals. It is unknown whether increased secretion of PTH is associated with markers of bone turnover in hospitalized foals. The goals of this study were to measure markers of bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX-I]) and bone formation (osteoca...
Mitchell A, Watts AE, Ebetino FH, Suva LJ.Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a family of molecules characterized by two key properties: their ability to bind strongly to bone mineral and their inhibitory effects on mature osteoclasts and thus bone resorption. Chemically two groups of BPs are recognized, non-nitrogen-containing and nitrogen-containing BPs. Non-nitrogen-containing BPs incorporate into the energy pathways of the osteoclast, resulting in disrupted cellular energy metabolism leading to cytotoxic effects and osteoclast apoptosis. Nitrogen-containing BPs primarily inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in the disruption of intrac...
Mancini IAD, Vindas Bolaños RA, Brommer H, Castilho M, Ribeiro A, van Loon JPAM, Mensinga A, van Rijen MHP, Malda J, van Weeren R.To report on the experiences with the use of commercial and autologous fibrin glue (AFG) and of an alternative method based on a 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) anchor for the fixation of hydrogel-based scaffolds in an equine model for cartilage repair. In a first study, three different hydrogel-based materials were orthotopically implanted in nine horses for 1-4 weeks in 6 mm diameter full-thickness cartilage defects in the medial femoral trochlear ridge and fixated with commercially available fibrin glue (CFG). One defect was filled with CFG only as a control. In a second study, CFG and ...
Brommer H, Voermans M, Veraa S, van den Belt AJ, van der Toorn A, Ploeg M, Gröne A, Back W.Axial osteitis of the proximal sesamoid bones and desmitis of the intersesamoidean ligament has been described in Friesian horses as well as in other breeds. The objectives of this study were to review the outcome of clinical cases of this disease in Friesian horses and analyse the pathology of the bone-ligament interface. Case records of Friesian horses diagnosed with axial osteitis of the proximal sesamoid bones and desmitis of the intersesamoidean ligament in the period 2002-2012 were retrospectively evaluated. Post-mortem examination was performed on horses that were euthanized (n = 3) and...
Holmes JM, Mirams M, Mackie EJ, Whitton RC.Bone is repaired by remodelling, a process influenced by its loading environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a change in loading environment on bone remodelling by quantifying bone resorption and formation activity in the metacarpal subchondral bone in Thoroughbred racehorses. Sections of the palmar metacarpal condyles of horses in race training (n = 24) or resting from training (n = 24) were examined with light microscopy and back scattered scanning electron microscopy (BSEM). Bone area fraction, osteoid perimeter and eroded bone surface were measured withi...
Nieto JE, Maher O, Stanley SD, Knych HK, Snyder JR.To determine the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of zoledronic acid in horses. Methods: 8 healthy horses. Methods: A single dose of zoledronic acid (0.057 mg/kg, IV) was administered during a 30-minute period. Venous blood was collected at several time points. Zoledronic acid concentration in plasma was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Plasma was analyzed for total calcium, BUN, and creatinine concentrations and a marker for bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen). Results: ...
Dören M.17 beta-estradiol, conjugated equine estrogens, esterified estrogens, and estriol constitute postmenopausal replacement therapy, all of which are in clinical use as oral preparations. Non-oral routes--matrix and reservoir patches, gel--were developed for estradiol, as was the intravaginal administration of estriol and estradiol. Daily doses of 1 mg estradiol(valerate) or 25 micrograms estradiol delivered via a patch or 0.5 mg gel or 0.3 mg conjugated equine estrogens are often sufficient to alleviate climacteric symptoms. Bone resorption may be effectively reduced and bone mineral density main...
von Rechenberg B, Guenther H, McIlwraith CW, Leutenegger C, Frisbie DD, Akens MK, Auer JA.To define the release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the neutral metalloproteinases (NMPs) in horses with subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) and to study bone resorption triggered by conditioned media of fibrous tissue of SCL in vitro. Methods: Equine explant cultures of fibrous tissue of SCL, and synovial membrane and articular cartilage of normal horses and horses affected with moderate and severe osteoarthritis were performed. NO, PGE2, and NMP concentrations of media samples were measured, and osteoclast formation and activation was studied in vitro. Methods: Experiment 1...
Gabrie A, Detilleux J, Jolly S, Reginster J-Y , Collin B, Dessy-Doizé C.Navicular bones from the four limbs of 95 horses, classified in 9 categories, were studied. The effects of age on navicular bone morphometry and histomorphometry were estimated, after adjustment of the data to even out the effects of front and rear limbs, morphometrical type, sex, weight, and size. All the external measurements of the navicular bone decreased significantly with increasing age. From the histomorphometrical data, cortical bone volume decreased with age in most horses, whereas cancellous bone volume and, in particular, the marrow spaces increased. The increase in the cancellous b...
Care AD.The mammalian fetus is maintained hypercalcaemic relative to its mother primarily by the action of a placental calcium pump located in the basal plasma membrane of the trophoblast. It is suggested that the activity of this pump is stimulated by a mid-molecular fragment of parathyroid hormone-related protein [PTHrP(38-94NH2)], produced in the placenta (and also in the parathyroid glands of fetal lambs and calves) as a result of post translational processing. In the sheep, calcitriol is an important determinant of fetal calcium homeostasis and it, too, stimulates the transport of calcium across ...
Suva LJ, Cooper A, Watts AE, Ebetino FH, Price J, Gaddy D.Bisphosphonates (BPs) are characterized by their ability to bind strongly to bone mineral and inhibit bone resorption. However, BPs exert a wide range of pharmacological activities beyond the inhibition of bone resorption, including the inhibition of cancer cell metastases and angiogenesis and the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in vitro. Additionally, the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity, altered cytokine and growth factor expression, as well as reductions in parameters of pain have also been reported. In humans, clinical BP use has transformed the treatment of post-m...
Mancini IAD, Vindas Bolaños RA, Brommer H, Castilho M, Ribeiro A, van Loon JPAM, Mensinga A, van Rijen MHP, Malda J, van Weeren R.To report on the experiences with the use of commercial and autologous fibrin glue (AFG) and of an alternative method based on a 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) anchor for the fixation of hydrogel-based scaffolds in an equine model for cartilage repair. In a first study, three different hydrogel-based materials were orthotopically implanted in nine horses for 1-4 weeks in 6 mm diameter full-thickness cartilage defects in the medial femoral trochlear ridge and fixated with commercially available fibrin glue (CFG). One defect was filled with CFG only as a control. In a second study, CFG and ...
Holmes JM, Mirams M, Mackie EJ, Whitton RC.Bone is repaired by remodelling, a process influenced by its loading environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a change in loading environment on bone remodelling by quantifying bone resorption and formation activity in the metacarpal subchondral bone in Thoroughbred racehorses. Sections of the palmar metacarpal condyles of horses in race training (n = 24) or resting from training (n = 24) were examined with light microscopy and back scattered scanning electron microscopy (BSEM). Bone area fraction, osteoid perimeter and eroded bone surface were measured withi...
von Rechenberg B, Guenther H, McIlwraith CW, Leutenegger C, Frisbie DD, Akens MK, Auer JA.To define the release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the neutral metalloproteinases (NMPs) in horses with subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) and to study bone resorption triggered by conditioned media of fibrous tissue of SCL in vitro. Methods: Equine explant cultures of fibrous tissue of SCL, and synovial membrane and articular cartilage of normal horses and horses affected with moderate and severe osteoarthritis were performed. NO, PGE2, and NMP concentrations of media samples were measured, and osteoclast formation and activation was studied in vitro. Methods: Experiment 1...
Mitchell A, Watts AE, Ebetino FH, Suva LJ.Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a family of molecules characterized by two key properties: their ability to bind strongly to bone mineral and their inhibitory effects on mature osteoclasts and thus bone resorption. Chemically two groups of BPs are recognized, non-nitrogen-containing and nitrogen-containing BPs. Non-nitrogen-containing BPs incorporate into the energy pathways of the osteoclast, resulting in disrupted cellular energy metabolism leading to cytotoxic effects and osteoclast apoptosis. Nitrogen-containing BPs primarily inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in the disruption of intrac...
Nieto JE, Maher O, Stanley SD, Knych HK, Snyder JR.To determine the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of zoledronic acid in horses. Methods: 8 healthy horses. Methods: A single dose of zoledronic acid (0.057 mg/kg, IV) was administered during a 30-minute period. Venous blood was collected at several time points. Zoledronic acid concentration in plasma was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Plasma was analyzed for total calcium, BUN, and creatinine concentrations and a marker for bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen). Results: ...
Brommer H, Voermans M, Veraa S, van den Belt AJ, van der Toorn A, Ploeg M, Gröne A, Back W.Axial osteitis of the proximal sesamoid bones and desmitis of the intersesamoidean ligament has been described in Friesian horses as well as in other breeds. The objectives of this study were to review the outcome of clinical cases of this disease in Friesian horses and analyse the pathology of the bone-ligament interface. Case records of Friesian horses diagnosed with axial osteitis of the proximal sesamoid bones and desmitis of the intersesamoidean ligament in the period 2002-2012 were retrospectively evaluated. Post-mortem examination was performed on horses that were euthanized (n = 3) and...
Gabrie A, Detilleux J, Jolly S, Reginster J-Y , Collin B, Dessy-Doizé C.Navicular bones from the four limbs of 95 horses, classified in 9 categories, were studied. The effects of age on navicular bone morphometry and histomorphometry were estimated, after adjustment of the data to even out the effects of front and rear limbs, morphometrical type, sex, weight, and size. All the external measurements of the navicular bone decreased significantly with increasing age. From the histomorphometrical data, cortical bone volume decreased with age in most horses, whereas cancellous bone volume and, in particular, the marrow spaces increased. The increase in the cancellous b...
Care AD.The mammalian fetus is maintained hypercalcaemic relative to its mother primarily by the action of a placental calcium pump located in the basal plasma membrane of the trophoblast. It is suggested that the activity of this pump is stimulated by a mid-molecular fragment of parathyroid hormone-related protein [PTHrP(38-94NH2)], produced in the placenta (and also in the parathyroid glands of fetal lambs and calves) as a result of post translational processing. In the sheep, calcitriol is an important determinant of fetal calcium homeostasis and it, too, stimulates the transport of calcium across ...
Kamr AM, Dembek KA, Gilsenan W, Bozorgmanesh R, Hassan HY, Rosol TJ, Toribio RE.Hypocalcemia is a common finding in critically ill equine patients. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps to maintain calcium homeostasis in hypocalcemic patients by promoting renal calcium reabsorption and bone resorption. Increased serum PTH concentrations have been reported in critically ill people and animals, including horses and foals. It is unknown whether increased secretion of PTH is associated with markers of bone turnover in hospitalized foals. The goals of this study were to measure markers of bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX-I]) and bone formation (osteoca...
Dören M.17 beta-estradiol, conjugated equine estrogens, esterified estrogens, and estriol constitute postmenopausal replacement therapy, all of which are in clinical use as oral preparations. Non-oral routes--matrix and reservoir patches, gel--were developed for estradiol, as was the intravaginal administration of estriol and estradiol. Daily doses of 1 mg estradiol(valerate) or 25 micrograms estradiol delivered via a patch or 0.5 mg gel or 0.3 mg conjugated equine estrogens are often sufficient to alleviate climacteric symptoms. Bone resorption may be effectively reduced and bone mineral density main...
