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Topic:Disease Diagnosis
Disease diagnosis in horses involves the identification and characterization of illnesses through various diagnostic methods and tools. This process is essential for effective veterinary care and management of equine health. Techniques used in diagnosing diseases in horses include clinical examinations, laboratory tests, imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and radiography, and molecular diagnostics. Blood tests are frequently utilized to assess parameters such as complete blood count and biochemical profiles, which can indicate underlying health issues. Additionally, advancements in genetic testing and biomarker identification have enhanced the ability to detect specific diseases early. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore diagnostic methodologies, their applications, and their impact on equine health management.
Erythrogram and red cell distribution width of Equidae with experimentally induced anemia. The erythrogram (erythrocyte histogram) and red cell distribution width (RDW) were evaluated in 5 purebred horses and 1 pony of mixed breeding with experimentally induced anemia. Four horses were studied for 6 weeks after 20% of their estimated blood volume was removed on each of 2 consecutive days (40% total blood loss; acute blood-loss group). Two horses were given acetylphenyl hydrazine IV daily, until acute Heinz body hemolytic anemia was induced; the 2 horses were then evaluated for 6 weeks. One horse and the pony had 20% of their estimated blood volume removed via phlebotomy once each we...
BCG treatment of periocular sarcoid. Twenty-six horses and five mules with periocular sarcoids were treated with intralesional injections of a purified bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) cell walls in oil suspension. All sarcoids were cured and the horses and mules remained free from recurrence of sarcoid during the two-year follow-up period.
Clinicopathological features of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity in the horse. The clinical and post mortem features of 11 cases of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity are reviewed. The clinical findings included inappetence, weight loss, pectoral oedema, dyspnoea, pleural effusion and distension of the jugular veins. Dysphagia was present in three cases. At post mortem examination lesions were found in the abdomen as well as the chest in eight cases; clinical signs of abdominal disease were present in two cases. The features of nine other similar cases recorded in the literature are reviewed.
Sequences of papillomavirus DNA in equine sarcoids. DNA was extracted from 14 equine sarcoids, electrophoresed and hybridised with a radioactively labelled probe of bovine papillomavirus type I (BPV 1) DNA under conditions of low stringency. Twelve sarcoids contained sequences of DNA that hybridised with the probe and that comigrated with BPV 2 DNA. The viral DNAs in four of these sarcoids differed from BPV 1 and BPV 2 DNA on restriction endonuclease analysis. One of four cell lines derived from sarcoids also contained BPV 1 related DNA. The results confirm the frequent presence in equine sarcoids of unintegrated papillomaviral DNA and suggest ...
Thyrotropin stimulation test–new perspective on value of monitoring triiodothyronine. Thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone; TSH) stimulus to thyroid cells of horses and dogs resulted in increased serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations that were detected earlier than those of thyroxine (T4). Doubling of the base-line T3 values in horses was detected 0.5 hours after injection of 5 IU of TSH IV, with peak response of 5 times base-line value detected 2 hours after injection. Doubling of T4 values in horses was noticed between 2 and 3 hours, with the peak response of 2.4 times base-line value at 4 hours after injection of TSH. Doubling of base-line T3 values in dogs in respo...
Passive transfer failure in horses: incidence and causative factors on a breeding farm. A prospective study was performed to determine the incidence and associated maternal and managemental factors of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in foals on a breeding farm. The zinc sulfate turbidity test (ZSTT) and latex agglutination test (LAT) were compared for accuracy in estimating serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G of foals, as determined by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Complete past and present foaling histories of 136 Standardbred mares were obtained. All foalings were witnessed by farm attendants, and colostral samples were collected from mares within 2 hours after parturition. Fo...
Interpreting radiographs 6: Radiology of the equine head (Part 2). The value of radiology as part of an examination of the equine head is emphasised and the radiological appearances of more commonly occurring conditions are described. Even the normal anatomy of this complex site is subject to great variation and the aspiring radiologist should, therefore, have a good knowledge of the possible normal variations. A flexible approach must be used rather than a limitation to one or two ritual projections. The use of contrast media, wherever it might be useful, is advocated so that the maximum amount of information may be obtained from each examination. Finally, e...
Efficacy of testing for illegal medication in horses. The efficacy of testing for illegal drugs in race horses was surveyed by evaluating 27 questionnaires received from 28 racing jurisdictions polled. Large variations in the number of samples tested and drugs detected were reported. Some jurisdictions reported only illegal medications, whereas others also reported permitted medications. To facilitate comparison, stimulants, depressants, local anesthetics, narcotic analgesics, and tranquilizers were classified as hard drugs. Other drugs, which are legal in some jurisdictions, were classified as soft. To evaluate the efficacy of testing, positive ...
Effects of flunixin meglumine on cardiopulmonary responses to endotoxin in ponies. The effects of endotoxemia on cardiopulmonary parameters, before and after cyclooxygenase blockade, were determined in anesthetized ponies spontaneously breathing a mixture of halothane and 100% O2. Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused intravenously at 20 micrograms/kg for 1 h followed by 10 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1 the subsequent 4 h. By 15 min endotoxin increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and alveolar dead space ventilation (VDA/VT), and these were followed by a return to base-line values by 30 min. A second increase in PVR occurred by 5 h ...
Hepatobiliary transport of indocyanine green and sulfobromophthalein in fed and fasted horses. Fasting is associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in several species, including the horse. Studies in ponies showed that a 3-day fast decreased plasma clearance of bilirubin, cholic acid, and sulfobromophthalein (BSP). Since these organic anions are conjugated with different substrates, it is possible that observed differences in plasma clearance result from a general decrease in hepatic conjugating capacity during the animals' fasting. To test this hypothesis, the effects of a 3-day fast on plasma clearance of IV injected BSP (4.4 to 5.1 mg/kg), which is conjugated to glutathione, an...
Bronchoalveolar lavage in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). We performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in 2 groups of ponies. Principal ponies had a history of heaves, a disease characterized by recurrent airway obstruction and airway hyperreactivity when ponies are housed in a barn and fed hay; control ponies had no history of airway obstruction. Ponies were paired (principal and control), and BAL was performed after 2 months of being pastured when principal ponies were in clinical remission (Period A), after barn housing when principal ponies had acute airway obstruction (Period B), and after a 1- and a 2-wk recovery phase of pasture grazing (Periods ...
Immune complexes in purpura hemorrhagica of the horse contain IgA and M antigen of Streptococcus equi. Purpura hemorrhagica is an acute disease of the horse characterized by edema of the head and limbs, leucocytoclastic vasculitis, petechial hemorrhages in mucosae, musculature and viscera, and sometimes glomerulonephritis. It is usually associated with strangles, an upper respiratory tract disease of the horse caused by Streptococcus equi. We have detected and characterized immune complexes in the sera of horses with poststrangles purpura hemorrhagica by using PEG precipitation and Western blot analysis. The immune complexes contained IgA and S. equi-specific antigens similar to those found in ...
Preliminary studies on long distance, retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in equine peripheral nerves. As a prelude to studies on retrograde axonal transport of neurotoxin (ie, so-called suicide transport) as a means to prevent post neurectomy neuroma formation, preliminary studies were conducted with an innocuous enzymatic marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The proximal stumps of resected medial and lateral palmar digital nerves in six ponies were injected via a tuberculin syringe and needle with 50 micron 1 of a 30 per cent solution of HRP in order to assess long distance retrograde axonal transport. The dorsal root ganglion of the cervical spinal enlargement (ie, C6, C7, C8, T1, T2) were ...
Experimental demonstration of an antigenic relationship between Leptospira and equine cornea. Horses inoculated with either equine cornea or killed Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, tarassovi, icterohaemorrhagiae, wolffi and hardjo, developed corneal opacity and produced antibodies which made it possible to demonstrate partial antigenic identity between equine cornea and four of those serovars employed. These antibodies were isolated by means of immunoadsorptions, purified by ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex A-50) and run by immuno-electrophoresis in agar gel. Both antibodies, anti-equine cornea and anti-leptospira, showed that they corresponded to the IgGb subclass. Th...
Investigations of the vertebrate hosts of eastern equine encephalitis during an epizootic in Michigan, 1980. A study was undertaken to investigate an increase in reported cases of clinical encephalitis due to eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus in horses and to determine the natural vertebrate hosts of that virus. Horses, birds, and small mammals were sampled at sites in a contiguous area in St. Joseph and Kalamazoo counties, Michigan, from 25 August to 5 September 1980. Serum samples from four horses acutely ill with encephalitis and 16 of 39 pasture mates of ill horses had neutralizing (N) antibody against EEE virus (46.5%); no viruses were isolated from these 43 sera. None of 24 draft horses f...
Lymphadenopathy-associated virus: from molecular biology to pathogenicity. Recent data indicate that the lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) is morphologically similar to animal lentiviruses, such as equine infectious anemia and visna viruses. This finding, together with the cross-reactivity of the core proteins of LAV with those of the equine infectious anemia virus and a similarity in genome structure and biological properties, allows LAV to be placed in the retroviral subfamily of Lentivirinae. Molecular data indicate a high degree of genetic variation of the virus, especially in the envelope gene, which have important implications for the origin of the virus (...
