Macromolecules in horses encompass a variety of large, complex molecules that are fundamental to numerous biological processes. These include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, each serving distinct functions essential for the growth, maintenance, and regulation of equine physiology. Proteins act as enzymes, structural components, and signaling molecules. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information. Carbohydrates provide energy and serve as structural components, while lipids are involved in energy storage, cellular structure, and signaling. This page collates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and interaction of macromolecules in horses, contributing to a deeper understanding of their roles in equine biology and health.
Garnica-Galvez S, Korntner SH, Skoufos I, Tzora A, Diakakis N, Prassinos N, Zeugolis DI.The use of macromolecular crowding in the development of extracellular matrix-rich cell-assembled tissue equivalents is continuously gaining pace in regenerative engineering. Despite the significant advancements in the field, the optimal macromolecular crowder still remains elusive. Herein, the physicochemical properties of different concentrations of different molecular weights hyaluronic acid (HA) and their influence on equine adipose-derived stem cell cultures were assessed. Within the different concentrations and molecular weight HAs, the 10 mg/mL 100 kDa and 500 kDa HAs exhibited the high...
Parillo F, Arias MP, Supplizi AV.Histochemical characterization of the equine guttural pouches was performed using lectins combined with sialidase digestion and deglycosylation pre-treatments. The goblet cells contained O- and N-linked oligosaccharides with alpha-Fuc, GlcNAc moieties whereas beta-GalNAc, beta-Gal-(1-3)-GalNAc, beta-Gal-(1-4)-GlcNAc and alpha-Gal residues belonged only to O-linked glycoproteins. The acinar and ductal cells expressed alpha-Man/alpha-Glc in N-linked oligosaccharides, GlcNAc in both O- and N-glycoproteins and beta-GalNAc, beta-Gal-(1-3)-GalNAc, beta-Gal-(1-4)-GlcNAc and alpha-Gal residues include...
Raidal SL, McTaggart C, Penhale J.To quantify absorption of colostral IgG by healthy neonatal foals and to test the hypothesis that delayed ingestion of macromolecules prolongs the duration of intestinal permeability to immunoglobulins (Ig) in newborn foals. Methods: Thirteen mixed breed foals. Methods: Foals were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, which were fed either a glucose-electrolyte solution or a commercial milk replacer for 12 h after birth, before being fed a known amount of colostral IgG. A control group was fed a known amount of colostral IgG from birth. The efficiency of IgG absorption was calculated foll...
Spengler MI, Rasia M.The aggregation capacity of human erythrocytes lies between that of the non-aggregating bovine erythrocytes and the remarkably aggregating equine ones. As the ability to aggregate is attributed to cell factors and the composition of the plasma proteins, the role that plasma proteins play in the aggregation process in these three species was studied. Washed erythrocytes were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4, 300 mOsm/L) plus polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a suitable concentration to obtain an average intensity of aggregation (control media). The superimposed effect of replacin...
Brooks DE, Komaromy AM, Garcia-Fernandez MC, Cutler TJ, Samuelson DA, Kallberg ME.Purpose To use immunohistochemical techniques to identify and localize the structural macromolecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the normal adult equine lamina cribrosa in order to make comparisons to the extracellular matrix of the lamina cribrosa of horses with glaucoma. METHODS: Normal eyes of five adult horses between 5 and 10 years of age were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Polyclonal rabbit-derived antibodies against human elastin, laminin, fibrillin-1, and collagen types I, III and IV, and polyclonal goat-derived antibodies against collagen typ...
Le Vine H, Cuatrecasas P.A cytosolic, macromolecular factor required for the cholera toxin-dependent activation of pigeon erythrocyte adenylate cyclase and cholera toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of a membrane-bound 43,000 dalton polypeptide has been purified 1100-fold from horse erythrocyte cytosol using organic solvent precipitation and heat treatment. This factor, 13,000 daltons, does not absorb to anionic or cationic exchange resins, is sensitive to trypsin or 10% trichloroacetic acid and is not extractable by diethyl ether. Activation of adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin requires the simultaneous presence of AT...
Neauport MC, Emmerich E, Sepehri H, Vivier-Bellec A.Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin enhanced potassium level in immature rat ovaries in comparison with controls, three hours after intravenous injection. In vivo 42K uptake was also 36% higher (p less than or equal to 0,01) in PMSG primed rat ovaries. This response was specific to the ovary. Experiments are carried out to determine correlation between K+ level and macromolecule biosynthesis.
Garnica-Galvez S, Korntner SH, Skoufos I, Tzora A, Diakakis N, Prassinos N, Zeugolis DI.The use of macromolecular crowding in the development of extracellular matrix-rich cell-assembled tissue equivalents is continuously gaining pace in regenerative engineering. Despite the significant advancements in the field, the optimal macromolecular crowder still remains elusive. Herein, the physicochemical properties of different concentrations of different molecular weights hyaluronic acid (HA) and their influence on equine adipose-derived stem cell cultures were assessed. Within the different concentrations and molecular weight HAs, the 10 mg/mL 100 kDa and 500 kDa HAs exhibited the high...
Parillo F, Arias MP, Supplizi AV.Histochemical characterization of the equine guttural pouches was performed using lectins combined with sialidase digestion and deglycosylation pre-treatments. The goblet cells contained O- and N-linked oligosaccharides with alpha-Fuc, GlcNAc moieties whereas beta-GalNAc, beta-Gal-(1-3)-GalNAc, beta-Gal-(1-4)-GlcNAc and alpha-Gal residues belonged only to O-linked glycoproteins. The acinar and ductal cells expressed alpha-Man/alpha-Glc in N-linked oligosaccharides, GlcNAc in both O- and N-glycoproteins and beta-GalNAc, beta-Gal-(1-3)-GalNAc, beta-Gal-(1-4)-GlcNAc and alpha-Gal residues include...
Le Vine H, Cuatrecasas P.A cytosolic, macromolecular factor required for the cholera toxin-dependent activation of pigeon erythrocyte adenylate cyclase and cholera toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of a membrane-bound 43,000 dalton polypeptide has been purified 1100-fold from horse erythrocyte cytosol using organic solvent precipitation and heat treatment. This factor, 13,000 daltons, does not absorb to anionic or cationic exchange resins, is sensitive to trypsin or 10% trichloroacetic acid and is not extractable by diethyl ether. Activation of adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin requires the simultaneous presence of AT...
Raidal SL, McTaggart C, Penhale J.To quantify absorption of colostral IgG by healthy neonatal foals and to test the hypothesis that delayed ingestion of macromolecules prolongs the duration of intestinal permeability to immunoglobulins (Ig) in newborn foals. Methods: Thirteen mixed breed foals. Methods: Foals were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, which were fed either a glucose-electrolyte solution or a commercial milk replacer for 12 h after birth, before being fed a known amount of colostral IgG. A control group was fed a known amount of colostral IgG from birth. The efficiency of IgG absorption was calculated foll...
Neauport MC, Emmerich E, Sepehri H, Vivier-Bellec A.Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin enhanced potassium level in immature rat ovaries in comparison with controls, three hours after intravenous injection. In vivo 42K uptake was also 36% higher (p less than or equal to 0,01) in PMSG primed rat ovaries. This response was specific to the ovary. Experiments are carried out to determine correlation between K+ level and macromolecule biosynthesis.
Brooks DE, Komaromy AM, Garcia-Fernandez MC, Cutler TJ, Samuelson DA, Kallberg ME.Purpose To use immunohistochemical techniques to identify and localize the structural macromolecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the normal adult equine lamina cribrosa in order to make comparisons to the extracellular matrix of the lamina cribrosa of horses with glaucoma. METHODS: Normal eyes of five adult horses between 5 and 10 years of age were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Polyclonal rabbit-derived antibodies against human elastin, laminin, fibrillin-1, and collagen types I, III and IV, and polyclonal goat-derived antibodies against collagen typ...
Spengler MI, Rasia M.The aggregation capacity of human erythrocytes lies between that of the non-aggregating bovine erythrocytes and the remarkably aggregating equine ones. As the ability to aggregate is attributed to cell factors and the composition of the plasma proteins, the role that plasma proteins play in the aggregation process in these three species was studied. Washed erythrocytes were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4, 300 mOsm/L) plus polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a suitable concentration to obtain an average intensity of aggregation (control media). The superimposed effect of replacin...
