Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that is occasionally used in equine medicine to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those resistant to other antibiotics. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, which is effective against certain strains of bacteria. Due to the specific pharmacokinetics and potential side effects in horses, its use is carefully considered and monitored by veterinarians. Research on vancomycin in horses explores its efficacy, dosage regimens, safety, and the potential for adverse reactions. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate the application, pharmacology, and clinical outcomes associated with vancomycin use in equine veterinary practice.
Rasheed H, Ijaz M, Ahmed A, Javed MU, Shah SFA, Anwaar F.Antimicrobial resistance is a global issue that limits therapeutic options for infections. S. aureus being a member of the ESKAPE group is capable of "escaping" the biocidal action of antimicrobial agents. There are phenotypic and genotypic methods used for the identification of antibiotic resistant genes harboring S. aureus but these methods do not always show concordant results. To address these discrepancies, a total of 335 equine nasal swab samples from four districts of Punjab were collected using a convenient sampling technique. These samples were first subjected to common microbial tech...
Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Lee EA.Studies with facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens have shown that evaluation of the bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents against intracellular bacteria is more closely associated with in vivo efficacy than traditional in vitro susceptibility testing. The objective of this study was to determine the relative activity of 10 antimicrobial agents against intracellular Rhodococcus equi. Equine monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with virulent R. equi and exposed to erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, vancomycin, imipene...
Berghaus LJ, Giguère S, Guldbech K.The objectives of this study were to determine the mutant prevention concentration (MPC), time above the MPC and mutant selection window for 10 antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi and to determine if the combination of a macrolide with rifampin would decrease emergence of resistant mutants. Antimicrobial agents investigated (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, amikacin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, vancomycin, imipenem, and doxycycline) were selected based on in vitro activity and frequency of use in foals or people infected with R. equi. Each antimicrobial agent or co...
Giguère S, Lee EA, Guldbech KM, Berghaus LJ.There are no studies investigating interactions between clarithromycin or azithromycin and rifampin or other commonly used antimicrobial agents against virulent isolates of Rhodococcus equi. In addition, there is no published data on the postantibiotic effects (PAEs) and pharmacodynamics properties of antimicrobial agents against R. equi. The objectives were to assess in vitro interactions, pharmacodynamics, and PAEs of 11 antimicrobial agents belonging to various antimicrobial classes against R. equi. Antimicrobial agents investigated (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, ami...
Thean S, Elliott B, Riley TV.During a 24 month period from 2007 to 2009, 174 faecal specimens from horses in Australia (predominantly from Western Australia) were tested for Clostridium difficile. C. difficile was isolated from 14 (23 %) of 62 diarrhoeal animals (including 10 foals) and from none of 112 healthy adult horses. These isolates were toxin profiled by PCR for toxin A, toxin B and binary toxin, and ribotyped. Ten of the equine isolates were A(+)B(+)CDT(-). Other toxin profiles detected were A(-)B(-)CDT(+) (one isolate), A(+)B(+)CDT(+) (two isolates) and A(-)B(-)CDT(-) (three isolates). There were six different...
Rubio-Martínez LM, López-Sanromán J, Cruz AM, Tendillo F, Rioja E, San Román F.To evaluate the clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in plasma and synovial fluid after intraosseous regional limb perfusion (IORLP) in horses and to compare results with those obtained after IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Methods: 6 horses. Methods: 1 forelimb of each horse received vancomycin hydrochloride (300 mg in 60 mL of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution) via IORLP; the contralateral limb received 60 mL of saline solution (control). Solutions were injected into the medullary cavity of the distal portion of the third metacarpal bone. Synovial fluid from the metacarpophalang...
Rubio-Martínez LM, López-Sanromán J, Cruz AM, Santos M, Andrés MS, Román FS.To evaluate clinical variables, regional concentrations, and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in the synovial fluid of distal forelimb joints of horses after IV regional limb perfusion. Methods: 6 horses. Methods: Vancomycin was administered via IV regional limb perfusion to the distal portion of the forelimbs of anesthetized horses. Drug (300 mg of vancomycin hydrochloride in 60 mL of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution) was infused into 1 forelimb, whereas the contralateral limb served as a control and was perfused with 60 mL of saline solution. Solutions were injected into the lateral digital vein af...
Rubio-Martínez L, López-Sanromán J, Cruz AM, Santos M, San Román F.To study the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in plasma obtained from the medullary sinusoids of the proximal phalanx (P1) after intravenous (IV) and intraosseous (IO) regional limb perfusion (RLP). Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Twelve horses. Methods: IV and IO RLP were performed in 2 groups (n = 6) of horses. Vancomycin hydrochloride (300 mg in 60 mL 0.9% NaCl) was randomly infused in 1 front limb, with the contralateral limb as control (60 mL 0.9% NaCl). A hole was drilled in the lateral cortex of P1, and blood samples from the medullary sinusoids of P1 were collected before infusion,...
Båverud V, Gustafsson A, Franklin A, Aspán A, Gunnarsson A.Clostridium difficile has been associated with acute colitis in mature horses. Objective: To survey C. difficile colonisation of the alimentary tract with age, occurrence of diarrhoea and history of antibiotic therapy; and to study the occurrence and survival of C. difficile in the environment and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated strains. Methods: A total of 777 horses of different breeds, age and sex were studied. Further, 598 soil samples and 434 indoor surface samples were examined. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 52 strains was investigated by Etest for 10 antibiotics. Results: In ...
Fuhrmann C, Lämmler C.In the present investigation 19 and 22 R. equi-cultures isolated from diseased horses and humans, respectively, could be correctly identified by their morphological, biochemical and serological properties. The rod-coccus life cycle appeared to be a common feature of almost all cultures investigated. The cultures were typeable with the typing system described by Prescott (1981). The predominant serotypes among the R. equi-isolates belonged to serotypes 1 and 2. Among the R. equi-isolates from horses haemagglutination-positive cultures were mainly found among isolates of serotype 1, those of ser...
Giguère S, Lee EA, Guldbech KM, Berghaus LJ.There are no studies investigating interactions between clarithromycin or azithromycin and rifampin or other commonly used antimicrobial agents against virulent isolates of Rhodococcus equi. In addition, there is no published data on the postantibiotic effects (PAEs) and pharmacodynamics properties of antimicrobial agents against R. equi. The objectives were to assess in vitro interactions, pharmacodynamics, and PAEs of 11 antimicrobial agents belonging to various antimicrobial classes against R. equi. Antimicrobial agents investigated (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, ami...
Berghaus LJ, Giguère S, Guldbech K.The objectives of this study were to determine the mutant prevention concentration (MPC), time above the MPC and mutant selection window for 10 antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi and to determine if the combination of a macrolide with rifampin would decrease emergence of resistant mutants. Antimicrobial agents investigated (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, amikacin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, vancomycin, imipenem, and doxycycline) were selected based on in vitro activity and frequency of use in foals or people infected with R. equi. Each antimicrobial agent or co...
Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Lee EA.Studies with facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens have shown that evaluation of the bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents against intracellular bacteria is more closely associated with in vivo efficacy than traditional in vitro susceptibility testing. The objective of this study was to determine the relative activity of 10 antimicrobial agents against intracellular Rhodococcus equi. Equine monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with virulent R. equi and exposed to erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, vancomycin, imipene...
Rubio-Martínez LM, López-Sanromán J, Cruz AM, Santos M, Andrés MS, Román FS.To evaluate clinical variables, regional concentrations, and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in the synovial fluid of distal forelimb joints of horses after IV regional limb perfusion. Methods: 6 horses. Methods: Vancomycin was administered via IV regional limb perfusion to the distal portion of the forelimbs of anesthetized horses. Drug (300 mg of vancomycin hydrochloride in 60 mL of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution) was infused into 1 forelimb, whereas the contralateral limb served as a control and was perfused with 60 mL of saline solution. Solutions were injected into the lateral digital vein af...
Rubio-Martínez LM, López-Sanromán J, Cruz AM, Tendillo F, Rioja E, San Román F.To evaluate the clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in plasma and synovial fluid after intraosseous regional limb perfusion (IORLP) in horses and to compare results with those obtained after IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Methods: 6 horses. Methods: 1 forelimb of each horse received vancomycin hydrochloride (300 mg in 60 mL of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution) via IORLP; the contralateral limb received 60 mL of saline solution (control). Solutions were injected into the medullary cavity of the distal portion of the third metacarpal bone. Synovial fluid from the metacarpophalang...
Fuhrmann C, Lämmler C.In the present investigation 19 and 22 R. equi-cultures isolated from diseased horses and humans, respectively, could be correctly identified by their morphological, biochemical and serological properties. The rod-coccus life cycle appeared to be a common feature of almost all cultures investigated. The cultures were typeable with the typing system described by Prescott (1981). The predominant serotypes among the R. equi-isolates belonged to serotypes 1 and 2. Among the R. equi-isolates from horses haemagglutination-positive cultures were mainly found among isolates of serotype 1, those of ser...
Båverud V, Gustafsson A, Franklin A, Aspán A, Gunnarsson A.Clostridium difficile has been associated with acute colitis in mature horses. Objective: To survey C. difficile colonisation of the alimentary tract with age, occurrence of diarrhoea and history of antibiotic therapy; and to study the occurrence and survival of C. difficile in the environment and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated strains. Methods: A total of 777 horses of different breeds, age and sex were studied. Further, 598 soil samples and 434 indoor surface samples were examined. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 52 strains was investigated by Etest for 10 antibiotics. Results: In ...
Rubio-Martínez L, López-Sanromán J, Cruz AM, Santos M, San Román F.To study the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in plasma obtained from the medullary sinusoids of the proximal phalanx (P1) after intravenous (IV) and intraosseous (IO) regional limb perfusion (RLP). Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Twelve horses. Methods: IV and IO RLP were performed in 2 groups (n = 6) of horses. Vancomycin hydrochloride (300 mg in 60 mL 0.9% NaCl) was randomly infused in 1 front limb, with the contralateral limb as control (60 mL 0.9% NaCl). A hole was drilled in the lateral cortex of P1, and blood samples from the medullary sinusoids of P1 were collected before infusion,...
Thean S, Elliott B, Riley TV.During a 24 month period from 2007 to 2009, 174 faecal specimens from horses in Australia (predominantly from Western Australia) were tested for Clostridium difficile. C. difficile was isolated from 14 (23 %) of 62 diarrhoeal animals (including 10 foals) and from none of 112 healthy adult horses. These isolates were toxin profiled by PCR for toxin A, toxin B and binary toxin, and ribotyped. Ten of the equine isolates were A(+)B(+)CDT(-). Other toxin profiles detected were A(-)B(-)CDT(+) (one isolate), A(+)B(+)CDT(+) (two isolates) and A(-)B(-)CDT(-) (three isolates). There were six different...
Rasheed H, Ijaz M, Ahmed A, Javed MU, Shah SFA, Anwaar F.Antimicrobial resistance is a global issue that limits therapeutic options for infections. S. aureus being a member of the ESKAPE group is capable of "escaping" the biocidal action of antimicrobial agents. There are phenotypic and genotypic methods used for the identification of antibiotic resistant genes harboring S. aureus but these methods do not always show concordant results. To address these discrepancies, a total of 335 equine nasal swab samples from four districts of Punjab were collected using a convenient sampling technique. These samples were first subjected to common microbial tech...
