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BMC evolutionary biology2013; 13; 273; doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-273

A genome wide study of genetic adaptation to high altitude in feral Andean Horses of the páramo.

Abstract: Life at high altitude results in physiological and metabolic challenges that put strong evolutionary pressure on performance due to oxidative stress, UV radiation and other factors dependent on the natural history of the species. To look for genes involved in altitude adaptation in a large herbivore, this study explored genome differentiation between a feral population of Andean horses introduced by the Spanish in the 1500s to the high Andes and their Iberian breed relatives. Results: Using allelic genetic models and Fst analyses of ~50 K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the horse genome, 131 candidate genes for altitude adaptation were revealed (Bonferoni of p ≤ 2 × 10(-7)). Significant signals included the EPAS1 in the hypoxia-induction-pathway (HIF) that was previously discovered in human studies (p = 9.27 × 10(-8)); validating the approach and emphasizing the importance of this gene to hypoxia adaptation. Strong signals in the cytochrome P450 3A gene family (p = 1.5 ×10(-8)) indicate that other factors, such as highly endemic vegetation in altitude environments are also important in adaptation. Signals in tenuerin 2 (TENM2, p = 7.9 × 10(-14)) along with several other genes in the nervous system (gene categories representation p = 5.1 × 10(-5)) indicate the nervous system is important in altitude adaptation. Conclusions: In this study of a large introduced herbivore, it becomes apparent that some gene pathways, such as the HIF pathway are universally important for high altitude adaptation in mammals, but several others may be selected upon based on the natural history of a species and the unique ecology of the altitude environment.
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Publication Date: 2013-12-17 PubMed ID: 24344830PubMed Central: PMC3878729DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-273Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the genetic adaptations to high-altitude environments in feral Andean horses, which were introduced to the high Andes by the Spanish in the 1500s. The genomic analysis identified 131 potential genes associated with adaptation to high altitude, emphasizing the complexity of these adaptations and the interaction between genetic factors and environmental challenges.

Study Background and Methodology

  • This study aimed to identify genes related to high-altitude adaptation in a large herbivore. The research focused on a feral population of Andean horses that were brought to the high Andes by the Spanish in the 1500s. The researchers compared the genomes of these horses to their Iberian breed relatives.
  • Around 50 thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the horse genome were analyzed using allelic genetic models and Fst analyses. SNPs are variations at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals, and Fst analyses are a measure of population differentiation due to genetic structure.

Study Findings

  • A total of 131 candidate genes for altitude adaptation were identified, based on the significance threshold of p ≤ 2 × 10(-7).
  • Among these genes, the EPAS1 gene stood out. This gene is part of the hypoxia-induction-pathway (HIF) that responds to reduced oxygen levels at high altitudes. The important role of this gene in hypoxia adaptation was also observed in human studies, suggesting a level of universality in its role for high-altitude adaptation in mammals.
  • Significant signals were also found in the cytochrome P450 3A gene family, suggesting that adaptation to local vegetation at high altitudes might be an essential factor in these horses.
  • The signals in the teneurin 2 (TENM2) gene, alongside other genes related to the nervous system, indicated that the nervous system might play a part in the adaptation to high altitudes.

Conclusion

  • Through this genomic study on herbivores introduced to a high-altitude environment, it becomes apparent that certain gene pathways like the HIF pathway are universally crucial for high altitude adaptation in mammals. However, others may be selected based on the species’ natural history and the unique ecology of a high-altitude environment.

Cite This Article

APA
Hendrickson SL. (2013). A genome wide study of genetic adaptation to high altitude in feral Andean Horses of the páramo. BMC Evol Biol, 13, 273. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-273

Publication

BMC evolutionary biology
ISSN: 1471-2148
NlmUniqueID: 100966975
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Pages: 273

Researcher Affiliations

Hendrickson, Sher L
  • Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown WV 25443, USA. shendric@shepherd.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Acclimatization
  • Adaptation, Physiological
  • Altitude
  • Animals
  • Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors / genetics
  • Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors / metabolism
  • Biological Evolution
  • Ecuador
  • Genome-Wide Association Study
  • Horses / genetics
  • Horses / physiology
  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / genetics
  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / metabolism

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