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Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc2018; 30(3); 362-369; doi: 10.1177/1040638718760102

A network approach for provisional assay recognition of a Hendra virus antibody ELISA: test validation with low sample numbers from infected horses.

Abstract: Obtaining statistically sound numbers of sera from Hendra virus (HeV)-infected horses is problematic because affected individuals usually die or are euthanized before developing a serum antibody response. As a consequence, test validation becomes a challenge. Our approach is an extension of OIE principles for provisional recognition and included 7 validation panels tested across multiple laboratories that provided estimates for test performance characteristics. At a 0.4 S/P cutoff, 16 of 19 sera from HeV-infected horses gave positive results in the HeV soluble G, indirect ELISA (HeVsG iELISA; DSe 84.2% [95% CI: 60.4-96.6%]); 463 of 477 non-infected horse sera tested negative (DSp 97.1% [95% CI: 95.1-98.4%]). The HeVsG iELISA eliminated almost all false-positive results from the previously used HeV iELISA, with marginally decreased relative sensitivity. Assay robustness was evaluated in inter-laboratory and proficiency testing panels. The HeVsG iELISA is considered to be fit for purpose for serosurveillance and international movement of horses when virus neutralization is used for follow-up testing of positive or inconclusive serum samples.
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Publication Date: 2018-02-21 PubMed ID: 29463198PubMed Central: PMC6505820DOI: 10.1177/1040638718760102Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Evaluation Study
  • Journal Article
  • Multicenter Study

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article expounds on a newly developed test for detecting antibodies against the Hendra virus (HeV) in horses, demonstrating high accuracy despite a limited number of samples.

Research Problem and Approach

  • The inherent challenge faced in this research surrounds the difficulty in acquiring an ample number of sera from Hendra virus-infected horses. This is because horses infected with the virus typically die or are put down before they can develop the serum antibody response required for testing.
  • To overcome this limitation, the research employed a network approach, an extension of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) principles, for provisional assay recognition. This included the use of validation panels across multiple laboratories to estimate the performance characteristics of the test.

Test Performance and Validation

  • The test, called HeV soluble G, indirect ELISA (HeVsG iELISA), demonstrated positive results in 16 out of 19 instances with HeV-infected horse sera — a diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) of 84.2% (given a confidence interval of 60.4%-96.6%).
  • In contrast, 463 out of 477 non-infected horse sera tested negative, which means a diagnostic specificity (DSp) of 97.1% (with a confidence interval of 95.1%-98.4%).

Advantages Over Previous Methods and Further Evaluation

  • Remarkably, the newly developed HeVsG iELISA significantly reduced the occurrence of false positives that the previous HeV iELISA test produced. However, it came with a slight offset of a marginally decreased relative sensitivity.
  • To validate the robustness of the HeVsG iELISA, further tests were performed using inter-laboratory and proficiency testing panels. These panels help assess the reliability and reproducibility of the test across different laboratories and over time.

Considerations for Future Use

  • Considering the results and its overall performance, the HeVsG iELISA has been concluded to be suitable for monitoring the presence of Hendra virus antibodies in horses — specifically for its use in international horse movement.
  • However, the authors suggest that when dealing with positive or inconclusive serum samples, further testing using virus neutralization methods should follow to confirm the presence of the virus.

Cite This Article

APA
Colling A, Lunt R, Bergfeld J, McNabb L, Halpin K, Juzva S, Newberry K, Morrissy C, Loomes C, Warner S, Diallo I, Kirkland P, Broder CC, Carlile G, Loh MH, Waugh C, Wright L, Watson J, Eagles D, Zuelke K, McCullough S, Daniels P. (2018). A network approach for provisional assay recognition of a Hendra virus antibody ELISA: test validation with low sample numbers from infected horses. J Vet Diagn Invest, 30(3), 362-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638718760102

Publication

Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc
ISSN: 1943-4936
NlmUniqueID: 9011490
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 362-369

Researcher Affiliations

Colling, Axel
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Lunt, Ross
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Bergfeld, Jemma
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
McNabb, Leanne
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Halpin, Kim
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Juzva, Susan
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Newberry, Kim
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Morrissy, Chris
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Loomes, Cameron
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Warner, Simone
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Diallo, Ibrahim
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Kirkland, Peter
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Broder, Christopher C
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Carlile, Gemma
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Loh, Mai Hlaing
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Waugh, Caryll
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Wright, Lynda
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Watson, James
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Eagles, Debbie
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Zuelke, Kurt
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
McCullough, Sam
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).
Daniels, Peter
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Newcomb, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Lunt, Bergfeld, McNabb, Halpin, Juzva, Newberry, Morrissy, Carlile, Loh, Waugh, Wright, Watson, Eagles, Zuelke, McCullough, Daniels).
  • DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services (DDLS), Animal Pathology, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Australia (Loomes).
  • Agribio-Centre for AgriBioSciences, Agriculture Victoria, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Australia (Warner).
  • Serology & Virology, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Queensland, Australia (Diallo).
  • Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Kirkland).
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD (Broder).

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
  • Hendra Virus / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Sensitivity and Specificity

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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