FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Anim Reprod / A preliminary study on the effects of E-Z Mixin® and Eq...
Animal reproduction2021; 18(2); e20200027; doi: 10.1590/1984-3143-AR2020-0027

A preliminary study on the effects of E-Z Mixin® and EquiPlus® extenders supplemented with Edible Bird’s Nest on the quality of chilled Arabian stallion semen.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding different concentrations of edible bird's nest (EBN) which is secreted by swiftlet birds (), into EquiPlus® and E-Z Mixin® extenders on the quality of chilled Arabian stallion semen at various storage times (0, 24 and 48 h). Ten ejaculates were collected from five stallions, and diluted using the two extenders containing 0% (control), 0.12%, 0.24% and 0.24% of EBN + seminal plasma (SP). All the diluted semen samples were then cooled and stored at 5 °C, and examined at 0, 24 and 48 h. Sperm kinetic parameters were assessed using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and viability were assessed using Hoechst33342/PI stain. In both extenders, total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) were significantly higher at 0.12% and 0.24% compared to 0.24% + SP at 24 and 48 h. At 0.12%, E-Z mixin® treated semen had significantly higher TM and PM than EquiPlus at 24 and 48 h. At 0.12% and 0.24%, average path velocity (VAP), straight-line velocity (VSL) and curvilinear velocity (VCL) were significantly higher in E-Z mixin® treated semen compared to EquiPlus at 24 and 48 h. Comparisons between the two extender types at different concentrations of EBN showed no significant difference in lateral head amplitude (ALH), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), beat cross frequency (BCF) and viability, irrespective of the storage time. The percentage of viable was significantly higher in E-Z mixin® than EquiPlus® at 0 and 48 h in control and 0.12%. Supplementation of the E-Z mixin extender with 0.12% and 0.24% EBN concentrations in the absence of SP provided better CASA parameters such as TM, PM, VAP, VSL, and VCL at 24 and 48 h storage time. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that chilled semen from Arabian stallion that was extended using E-Z mixin® and supplemented with 0.12% and 0.24% EBN concentrations performed better and yielded superior results in sperm kinetic parameters and % viable compared to EquiPlus® at 24 and 48 h storage time.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-06-21 PubMed ID: 34221142PubMed Central: PMC8241211DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-AR2020-0027Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the impact of adding edible bird’s nest (EBN) to two different semen extenders, E-Z Mixin® and EquiPlus®, on the quality of chilled Arabian stallion semen. The findings suggest that EBN supplementation can enhance semen quality during chilling, particularly when used in the E-Z Mixin® extender at concentrations of 0.12% and 0.24%.

Methods and Materials

  • The study collected ten ejaculates from five stallions. These samples were diluted using either EquiPlus® or E-Z Mixin® extenders, which were supplemented with EBN at concentrations of 0%, 0.12%, 0.24%, or 0.24% with added seminal plasma (SP).
  • The extended semen samples were then stored at 5°C and assessed for quality after 0, 24, and 48 h.
  • Sperm quality was determined by evaluating sperm kinetic parameters using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA), and viability was assessed using the Hoechst33342/PI stain.

Results

  • The research found that in both extenders, total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) were significantly higher in the 0.12% and 0.24% EBN concentration groups compared to the 0.24% + SP group at 24 and 48 h.
  • At a concentration of 0.12%, semen treated with the E-Z Mixin® extender had significantly higher TM and PM than semen treated with the EquiPlus® extender at both 24 and 48 h.
  • At 0.12% and 0.24% EBN concentrations, the E-Z Mixin® extended semen showed significantly higher average path velocity (VAP), straight-line velocity (VSL), and curvilinear velocity (VCL) compared to EquiPlus® treated semen at 24 and 48 h.
  • There were no significant differences in lateral head amplitude (ALH), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), beat cross frequency (BCF), and viability between the two extender types at different EBN concentrations, regardless of storage time.

Conclusions

  • The addition of 0.12% and 0.24% EBN concentrations to the E-Z Mixin® extender (without SP) led to better CASA parameters, such as TM, PM, VAP, VSL, and VCL, at 24 and 48 h storage times.
  • The results suggest that EBN supplementation may offer a promising method for improving sperm quality during the chilling process, especially when used alongside E-Z Mixin® extenders at optimal concentrations.

Cite This Article

APA
Al-Khaldi K, Yimer N, Al-Bulushi S, Haron AW, Hiew M, Babji AS. (2021). A preliminary study on the effects of E-Z Mixin® and EquiPlus® extenders supplemented with Edible Bird’s Nest on the quality of chilled Arabian stallion semen. Anim Reprod, 18(2), e20200027. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2020-0027

Publication

Animal reproduction
ISSN: 1984-3143
NlmUniqueID: 101272804
Country: Brazil
Language: English
Volume: 18
Issue: 2
Pages: e20200027
PII: e20200027

Researcher Affiliations

Al-Khaldi, Khalid
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Equine Breeding Center, Veterinary Department, Royal Oman Police, Mounted Police Division, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Yimer, Nurhusien
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Al-Bulushi, Samir
  • Laboratories and Animal Research Centre, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Royal Court Affairs, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Haron, Abd Wahid
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Hiew, Mark
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Babji, Abdul Salam
  • School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

References

This article includes 39 references
  1. Ahmad H, Abdul Khalid SK, Rashed AA, Aziz SA. Effects of sialic acid from edible bird nest on cell viability associated with brain cognitive performance in mice.. World J Traditional China Med 2019;5(4):214–219.
    doi: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_22_19google scholar: lookup
  2. Aitken RJ, Bronson R, Smith TB, De Iuliis GN. The source and significance of DNA damage in human spermatozoa; a commentary on diagnostic strategies and straw man fallacies.. Mol Hum Reprod 2013 Aug;19(8):475-85.
    doi: 10.1093/molehr/gat025pubmed: 23548339google scholar: lookup
  3. Aitken RJ, Krausz C. Oxidative stress, DNA damage and the Y chromosome.. Reproduction 2001 Oct;122(4):497-506.
    doi: 10.1530/rep.0.1220497pubmed: 11570956google scholar: lookup
  4. Alamaary MS, Haron AW, Ali M, Hiew MWH, Adamu L, Peter ID. Effects of four extenders on the quality of frozen semen in Arabian stallions.. Vet World 2019 Jan;12(1):34-40.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.34-40pmc: PMC6431823pubmed: 30936651google scholar: lookup
  5. Albishtue AA, Yimer N, Zakaria MZA, Haron AW, Babji AS, Abubakar AA, Almhanawi BH. Effects of EBN on embryo implantation, plasma concentrations of reproductive hormones, and uterine expressions of genes of PCNA, steroids, growth factors and their receptors in rats.. Theriogenology 2019 Mar 1;126:310-319.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.12.026pubmed: 30605790google scholar: lookup
  6. Al-Bulushi S, Manjunatha BM, Bathgate R, Rickard JP, de Graaf SP. Liquid storage of dromedary camel semen in different extenders.. Anim Reprod Sci 2019 Aug;207:95-106.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.06.008pubmed: 31208848google scholar: lookup
  7. Al-Essawe EM, Johannisson A, Wulf M, Aurich C, Morrell JM. Improved cryosurvival of stallion spermatozoa after colloid centrifugation is independent of the addition of seminal plasma.. Cryobiology 2018 Apr;81:145-152.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.009pubmed: 29397923google scholar: lookup
  8. Al-Essawe EM, Wallgren M, Wulf M, Aurich C, Macías-García B, Sjunnesson Y, Morrell JM. Seminal plasma influences the fertilizing potential of cryopreserved stallion sperm.. Theriogenology 2018 Jul 15;115:99-107.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.04.021pubmed: 29747159google scholar: lookup
  9. Al-Kass Z, Spergser J, Aurich C, Kuhl J, Schmidt K, Morrell JM. Effect of presence or absence of antibiotics and use of modified single layer centrifugation on bacteria in pony stallion semen.. Reprod Domest Anim 2019 Feb;54(2):342-349.
    doi: 10.1111/rda.13366pubmed: 30351456google scholar: lookup
  10. Alvarenga MA, Leão KM, Papa FO, Landim-Alvarenga FC, Medeiros ASL, Gomes GM. The use of alternative cryoprotectors for freezing stallion semen.. Proceedings of Workshop on Transporting Gametes and Embryos, Havemeyer Foundation; 2003; Brewster, Massachusetts, USA. Newmarket, UK: R&W Publications; 2003. pp. 74–76.
  11. Amidi F, Pazhohan A, Shabani Nashtaei M, Khodarahmian M, Nekoonam S. The role of antioxidants in sperm freezing: a review.. Cell Tissue Bank 2016 Dec;17(4):745-756.
    doi: 10.1007/s10561-016-9566-5pubmed: 27342905google scholar: lookup
  12. Baumber J, Ball BA, Linfor JJ. Assessment of the cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa in the presence of enzyme scavengers and antioxidants.. Am J Vet Res 2005 May;66(5):772-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.772pubmed: 15934604google scholar: lookup
  13. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Miller C, Roser J. Recommendations for clinical GnRH challenge testing of stallions.. J Equine Vet Sci 2010;20:682–686.
  14. Consuegra C, Crespo F, Bottrel M, Ortiz I, Dorado J, Diaz-Jimenez M, Pereira B, Hidalgo M. Stallion sperm freezing with sucrose extenders: A strategy to avoid permeable cryoprotectants.. Anim Reprod Sci 2018 Apr;191:85-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.02.013pubmed: 29482878google scholar: lookup
  15. Dowsett KF, Knott LM. The influence of age and breed on stallion semen.. Theriogenology 1996 Aug;46(3):397-412.
    doi: 10.1016/0093-691X(96)00162-8pubmed: 16727908google scholar: lookup
  16. Ghassem M, Arihara K, Mohammadi S, Sani NA, Babji AS. Identification of two novel antioxidant peptides from edible bird's nest (Aerodramus fuciphagus) protein hydrolysates.. Food Funct 2017 May 24;8(5):2046-2052.
    doi: 10.1039/C6FO01615Dpubmed: 28497137google scholar: lookup
  17. Hernández-Avilés C, Love CC, Serafini R, Ramírez-Agámez L, Friedrich M, Ghosh S, Teague SR, LaCaze KA, Brinsko SP, Varner DD. Effects of glucose concentration in semen extender and storage temperature on stallion sperm quality following long-term cooled storage.. Theriogenology 2020 Apr 15;147:1-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.007pubmed: 32070880google scholar: lookup
  18. Hou Z, Imam MU, Ismail M, Azmi NH, Ismail N, Ideris A, Mahmud R. Lactoferrin and ovotransferrin contribute toward antioxidative effects of Edible Bird's Nest against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human SH-SY5Y cells.. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015;79(10):1570-8.
    doi: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1050989pubmed: 26057702google scholar: lookup
  19. Hu Q, Li G, Yao H, He S, Li H, Liu S, Wu Y, Lai X. Edible bird's nest enhances antioxidant capacity and increases lifespan in Drosophila Melanogaster.. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016 Apr 30;62(4):116-22.
    pubmed: 27188745
  20. Ismail M, Al-Naqeep G, Chan KW. Nigella sativa thymoquinone-rich fraction greatly improves plasma antioxidant capacity and expression of antioxidant genes in hypercholesterolemic rats.. Free Radic Biol Med 2010 Mar 1;48(5):664-72.
    doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.002pubmed: 20005291google scholar: lookup
  21. Kathiravan P, Kalatharan J, Edwin MJ, Veerapandian C. Computer automated motion analysis of crossbred bull spermatozoa and its relationship with in vitro fertility in zona-free hamster oocytes.. Anim Reprod Sci 2008 Feb 1;104(1):9-17.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.01.002pubmed: 17254723google scholar: lookup
  22. LeFrapper L, Walston L, Whisnant C. Comparison of various extenders for storage of cooled stallion spermatozoa for 72 hours.. J Equine Vet Sci 2010;30(4):200–204.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.02.007google scholar: lookup
  23. Ma F, Liu D. Sketch of the edible bird’s nest and its important bioactivities.. Food Res Int 2012;48(2):559–567.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.06.001google scholar: lookup
  24. Marcone MF. Characterization of the edible bird’s nests the “Caviar of the East”.. Food Res Int 2005;38(10):1125–1134.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008google scholar: lookup
  25. Morton K, Billah M, Skidmore J. Effect of sperm diluent and dose on the pregnancy rate in dromedary camels after artificial insemination with fresh and liquid-stored semen.. J Camelid Sci 2013;6:49–62.
  26. Neuhauser S, Bollwein H, Siuda M, Handler J. Comparison of the Effects of Five Semen Extenders on the Quality of Frozen-Thawed Equine Epididymal Sperm.. J Equine Vet Sci 2019 Aug;79:1-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.002pubmed: 31405486google scholar: lookup
  27. Oliveira RA, Wolf CA, De Oliveira VMAO, Gambarini ML. Addition of glutathione to an extender for frozen equine semen.. J Equine Vet Sci 2013;33(12):1148–1152.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.05.001google scholar: lookup
  28. Ortega-Ferrusola C, Sotillo-Galán Y, Varela-Fernández E, Gallardo-Bolaños JM, Muriel A, González-Fernández L, Tapia JA, Peña FJ. Detection of "apoptosis-like" changes during the cryopreservation process in equine sperm.. J Androl 2008 Mar-Apr;29(2):213-21.
    doi: 10.2164/jandrol.107.003640pubmed: 17978341google scholar: lookup
  29. Peris SI, Bilodeau JF, Dufour M, Bailey JL. Impact of cryopreservation and reactive oxygen species on DNA integrity, lipid peroxidation, and functional parameters in ram sperm.. Mol Reprod Dev 2007 Jul;74(7):878-92.
    doi: 10.1002/mrd.20686pubmed: 17186553google scholar: lookup
  30. Pojprasath T, Lohachit C, Techakumphu M, Stout T, Tharasanit T. Improved cryopreservability of stallion sperm using a sorbitol-based freezing extender.. Theriogenology 2011 Jun;75(9):1742-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.01.014pubmed: 21458054google scholar: lookup
  31. Squires EL, Keith SL, Graham JK. Evaluation of alternative cryoprotectants for preserving stallion spermatozoa.. Theriogenology 2004 Sep 15;62(6):1056-65.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.12.024pubmed: 15289047google scholar: lookup
  32. Usuga A, Rojano B, Restrepo G. Effect of seminal plasma components on the quality of fresh and cryopreserved stallion semen.. J Equine Vet Sci 2017;58:103–111.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.09.005google scholar: lookup
  33. Vidament M, Yvon JM, Couty I, Arnaud G, Nguekam-Feugang J, Noue P, Cottron S, Le Tellier A, Noel F, Palmer E, Magistrini M. Advances in cryopreservation of stallion semen in modified INRA82.. Anim Reprod Sci 2001 Dec 3;68(3-4):201-18.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-4320(01)00157-9pubmed: 11744265google scholar: lookup
  34. Waheed MM, Al-Khaldi KO, Pratap N. Effect of extenders and insemination protocol on the fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved Arabian horse semen.. SOJ Veterinary Sciences 2016;2(2):1–8.
    doi: 10.15226/2381-2907/2/2/00117google scholar: lookup
  35. Whittington K, Ford WC. Relative contribution of leukocytes and of spermatozoa to reactive oxygen species production in human sperm suspensions.. Int J Androl 1999 Aug;22(4):229-35.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.1999.00173.xpubmed: 10442295google scholar: lookup
  36. Wong RS. Edible bird's nest: food or medicine?. Chin J Integr Med 2013 Sep;19(9):643-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s11655-013-1563-ypubmed: 23975128google scholar: lookup
  37. Yagi H, Yasukawa N, Yu SY, Guo CT, Takahashi N, Takahashi T, Bukawa W, Suzuki T, Khoo KH, Suzuki Y, Kato K. The expression of sialylated high-antennary N-glycans in edible bird's nest.. Carbohydr Res 2008 Jun 9;343(8):1373-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.031pubmed: 18439991google scholar: lookup
  38. Yida Z, Imam MU, Ismail M, Ooi DJ, Sarega N, Azmi NH, Ismail N, Chan KW, Hou Z, Yusuf NB. Edible Bird's Nest Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rats.. J Diabetes Res 2015;2015:760535.
    doi: 10.1155/2015/760535pmc: PMC4530265pubmed: 26273674google scholar: lookup
  39. Yusop DR, Yimer N, Yusoff R, Haron AW, Ibrahim Khushairay ES. Edible Birds’ Nest (EBN) hydrolysate for bovine sperm cryopreservation.. JSM Invitro Fertil 2016;1(1):1004.

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Al-Khaldi K, Yimer N, Sadiq MB, Firdaus Jesse Bin Abdullah F, Salam Babji A, Al-Bulushi S. Edible bird's nest supplementation in chilled and cryopreserved Arabian stallion semen.. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022 Mar;29(3):1577-1584.
    doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.009pubmed: 35280569google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.