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Equine veterinary education2015; 27(2); 99-109; doi: 10.1111/eve.12290

A review of equine sepsis.

Abstract: Sepsis is defined as an exaggerated, systemic inflammatory response to infection and is a common condition in horses. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with bacterial infection is a hallmark of sepsis. Sepsis in neonatal foals is a common sequela of failure of passive transfer and, in addition to development of SIRS, may be characterised by bacteraemia, pneumonia, enterocolitis, omphalophlebitis, meningoencephalitis or arthritis. Sepsis in mature horses is most commonly observed secondary to gastrointestinal lesions that result in disrupted mucosa and bacterial translocation into circulation (endotoxaemia). Pleuropneumonia and metritis may also cause sepsis in mature horses. Diagnosis of sepsis is based on SIRS criteria as well as suspected or confirmed infection. Due to the relatively low sensitivity of microbial culture and the subjectivity of sepsis scoring, many sepsis biomarkers are being studied for their usefulness in diagnosis and prognostication of sepsis in horses. Treatment of sepsis requires an intensive care approach that includes antimicrobial drug administration, fluid resuscitation and pressure support, and treatment for inflammation, endotoxaemia and coagulopathy. Early recognition of sepsis and prompt antimicrobial drug treatment are critical for a successful outcome. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome may occur in severe cases of sepsis, with common manifestations including laminitis and coagulopathies. Although prognosis for septic mature horses depends highly on the primary disease process, the overall survival rate in septic neonatal foals ranges from 26 to 86%, with most studies indicating a survival rate of 45-60%.
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Publication Date: 2015-01-14 PubMed ID: 32313390PubMed Central: PMC7163761DOI: 10.1111/eve.12290Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study gives an overview of sepsis, a serious condition that affects horses due to an inflammatory reaction to infections. It commonly occurs in newborn foals and adult horses, resulting from various factors. The paper also evaluates diagnostic techniques, treatment methods, and survival rates with prime focus on the need for early detection and prompt treatment.

Sepsis Description and Common Causes in Horses

  • Sepsis is an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response linked with bacterial infections, commonly witnessed in horses. It brings on the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).
  • Neonatal foals often suffer from sepsis, typically due to a failure of passive transfer – a lack of the initial mother’s milk rich in antibodies. Accompanying SIRS, sepsis in neonatal foals demonstrates through pneumonia, enterocolitis, omphalophlebitis, meningoencephalitis, or arthritis.
  • Adult horses commonly experience sepsis due to gastrointestinal complications leading to bacterial translocation into the bloodstream. Other causes consist of conditions like pleuropneumonia and metritis.

Diagnosis of Sepsis in Horses

  • Sepsis diagnosis relies on both SIRS criteria and the presence or suspicion of an infection. Nonetheless, due to the low sensitivity of microbial culture and subjectivity of sepsis scoring, researchers are exploring the effectiveness of various sepsis biomarkers to improve the narrow field of diagnosis and prognostication.

Treatment of Sepsis in Horses

  • Sepsis treatment demands a rigorous care approach inclusive of antimicrobial drug administration, fluid resuscitation and pressure support, and treatment for inflammation, endotoxaemia, and coagulopathy.
  • Early recognition and prompt commencement of antimicrobial treatment are vital for a favourable outcome.
  • Severe cases of sepsis could lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome with manifestations like laminitis and coagulopathies.

Prognosis and Outcome

  • While the prognosis for septic adult horses varies largely depending on the primary disease process, newborn foals show a varying survival rate of 26 to 86%. Most research studies report a survival rate within the range of 45-60%.

Cite This Article

APA
Taylor S. (2015). A review of equine sepsis. Equine Vet Educ, 27(2), 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12290

Publication

Equine veterinary education
ISSN: 0957-7734
NlmUniqueID: 9885274
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 99-109

Researcher Affiliations

Taylor, S
  • Veterinary Clinical Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA.

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