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Veterinary world2022; 15(8); 1906-1915; doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1906-1915

A review of horses as a source of spreading livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to human health.

Abstract: Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) was first discovered in horses in 1989. Since then, LA-MRSA has begun to be considered an important strain of pathogenic bacteria in horses, which can cause LA-MRSA infection and colonization in humans with public health impacts. The anterior nares are the primary site of LA-MRSA colonization in horses, although LA-MRSA colonization may also occur in the gastrointestinal tract in horses. LA-MRSA-infected horses typically exhibit clinical infection or may not exhibit clinical infection. There are two potential risks associated with LA-MRSA colonization in horses: The possibility of disease development in horses infected with LA-MRSA and the possibility of LA-MRSA transfer to humans and other horses. The diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses can be made by conducting in vitro sensitivity testing for oxacillin and cefoxitin, and then followed by a molecular test using polymerase chain reaction. LA-MRSA transmission in animal hospitals and on farms is most likely due to contact with horses infected or colonized by LA-MRSA. The history of prior antibiotic administration, history of prior LA-MRSA colonization, and length of equine hospitalization were described as risk factors in cases of infection and colonization of LA-MRSA in horses. Nebulized antibiotics may be a viable alternative to use in horses, but nebulized antibiotics are only used in horses that are persistently colonized with LA-MRSA. Controlling the spread of LA-MRSA in horses can be done by regularly washing horses, eradicating vectors in horse stalls such as rats, and maintaining the cleanliness of the stable and animal hospital environment. Meanwhile, cleaning hands, using gloves, and donning protective clothes are ways that humans can prevent the transmission of LA-MRSA when handling horses. This review will explain the definition of LA-MRSA in general, LA-MRSA in horses, the epi-demiology of LA-MRSA in horses, the diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses, the transmission of LA-MRSA in horses, risk factors for spreading LA-MRSA in horses, public health impact, treatment of LA-MRSA infection in horses, and control of the spread of LA-MRSA in horses.
Copyright: © Khairullah, et al.
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Publication Date: 2022-08-11 PubMed ID: 36313842PubMed Central: PMC9615495DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1906-1915Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates the role of horses in spreading livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) to humans. It explores various aspects of LA-MRSA, such as its definition, diagnosis, the methods of its transmission in horses, risk factors, public health impact, treatment, and control measures to prevent its spread.

LA-MRSA in Horses

  • LA-MRSA is a strain of pathogenic bacteria that was first identified in horses in 1989. It’s considered a significant risk due to its ability to infect and colonize humans after originating in horses.
  • The primary site of LA-MRSA colonization in horses is the anterior nares, but it may also occur in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Clinical infection may or may not be observed in LA-MRSA-infected horses.
  • There are two associated risks: The possibility of disease development in horses and the potential of LA-MRSA transfer to humans and other horses.

Diagnosis and Transmission of LA-MRSA in Horses

  • The diagnosis of LA-MRSA includes conducting sensitivity tests for oxacillin and cefoxitin, followed by a molecular test using polymerase chain reaction.
  • LA-MRSA transmission primarily occurs in animal hospitals and farms due to contact with infected or colonized horses.
  • Previous antibiotic use, history of LA-MRSA colonization, and length of hospitalization are recognized as risk factors.

Public Health Impact and Control Measures

  • Humans can prevent LA-MRSA transmission by maintaining hygiene, using gloves, and wearing protective clothing when handling horses.
  • Another prevention strategy is aimed at horses that are persistently colonized with LA-MRSA, where nebulized antibiotics are an alternative treatment.
  • The spread of LA-MRSA can be controlled by washing horses regularly, eradicating vectors in stalls such as rats, and keeping stables and animal hospital environments clean.

Overall Summary

  • This review provides an exhaustive study of LA-MRSA in horses, offering essential insights into understanding, diagnosing, and controlling its spread in the horse population and to humans. The included preventive measures serve as viable methods to restrict LA-MRSA transmission and safeguard public health.

Cite This Article

APA
Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Widodo A, Riwu KHP. (2022). A review of horses as a source of spreading livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to human health. Vet World, 15(8), 1906-1915. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.1906-1915

Publication

Veterinary world
ISSN: 0972-8988
NlmUniqueID: 101504872
Country: India
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 8
Pages: 1906-1915

Researcher Affiliations

Khairullah, Aswin Rafif
  • Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia.
Sudjarwo, Sri Agus
  • Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia.
Effendi, Mustofa Helmi
  • Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia.
Ramandinianto, Sancaka Chasyer
  • Lingkar Satwa Animal Care Clinic, Jl. Sumatera No. 31L, Gubeng, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60281, Indonesia.
Widodo, Agus
  • Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia.
Riwu, Katty Hendriana Priscilia
  • Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

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