A systematic review of the immune-modulators Parapoxvirus ovis and Propionibacterium acnes for the prevention of respiratory disease and other infections in the horse.

The research article presents a detailed review of two immune-modulators, Inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), examining their efficacy in preventing respiratory diseases and infections in horses.

Overview of Immune-Modulators iPPVO and P. acnes

• The two compounds, iPPVO and P. acnes, are commonly used in equine medicine as immune-modulators.
• The immune-modulators are used as preventive measures or as supplementary treatment in tandem with conventional treatments.
• Their efficacy hinges on their interaction with the immune system, although this interaction is not antigen-specific.
• Both compounds enhance and bolster the immune defenses of horses to prevent or treat infectious diseases.

Understanding the Functionality of iPPVO and P. acnes

• The mode of action of iPPVO is by stimulating and regulating the secretion of cytokines by leucocytes.
• On the other hand, P. acnes primarily works by activating macrophages.

Objective of the Research Study

• The aim of this report is to describe the functions of iPPVO and P. acnes as immune-modulators.
• It also summarizes available information from scientific literature and reports regarding their use in horses.
• The primary focus is on understanding their role in preventing or treating equine respiratory diseases.

Methodology

• This systematic review gathers and analyzes information from several sources, including articles published in peer-reviewed journals and clinical trial reports.
• It also incorporates data from conference proceedings and other publicly available information from the last two decades.