FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Equine veterinary journal2024; 57(4); 827-861; doi: 10.1111/evj.14416

A systematic review of the prevalence of post-operative complications after general anaesthesia in adult horses (2000-2023).

Abstract: Equine post-operative morbidity represents a significant concern for both veterinary surgeons and horse owners. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of post-operative complications in horses after elective/non-abdominal surgery or colic surgery. Methods: Systematic review. Methods: A database search identified eligible studies which reported the prevalence of equine post-operative complications published as a full paper in English in a peer-reviewed journal between 2000 and 2023. Studies were evaluated using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) framework. Data for the most commonly reported complications were analysed using Chi-squared analysis of weighted means to answer 13 PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcomes) questions. Results: Sixty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Data for eight post-operative morbidities (colic, surgical site complications, myopathy/neuropathy, laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, fever/pyrexia, jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis, respiratory complications) were sufficient to allow statistical analyses. The weighted mean of the overall proportion of post-operative complications after elective/non-abdominal surgery is 17.48% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 13.20-22.92), significantly increasing to 55.62% (95% CI: 45.79-65.03) after colic surgery (odds ratio [OR] 6.63; 95% CI: 5.83-7.56; p < 0.001). The most commonly reported morbidity was post-operative colic, with a weighted mean prevalence of 7.45% (95% CI: 4.83-11.76) after elective/non-abdominal surgery, significantly rising to 26.46% (95% CI: 19.11-35.97) after colic surgery (OR 4.11; 95% CI: 3.60-4.71; p < 0.001). The weighted mean prevalence of surgical site complications, laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, fever/pyrexia, jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis and respiratory complications were significantly higher after colic surgery compared with elective/non-abdominal surgery. Myopathy/neuropathy was the only morbidity where prevalence was not different between groups (OR 1.86; 95% CI: 0.86-4.16; p = 0.16). Conclusions: The majority of studies were retrospective. Morbidity definitions, data collection periods, follow-up time and methods varied between studies. Conclusions: Based on current evidence, the prevalence of post-operative colic, surgical site complications, laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, fever/pyrexia, jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis and respiratory complications is significantly higher after colic surgery compared with elective/non-abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia.
© 2024 EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-10-24 PubMed ID: 39449518DOI: 10.1111/evj.14416Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Systematic Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article provides a systematic review of studies conducted from 2000-2023 on post-operative complications in horses after general anaesthesia. The study found that such complications are prevalent and significantly higher after colic surgery compared to non-abdominal, elective surgeries.

Research Methodology

The researchers embarked on the study by searching databases for prior relevant researches. Their criteria included:

  • Studies that reported the prevalence of post-operative complications in horses.
  • These studies had to be published between 2000 and 2023 as a full paper in English.
  • The papers also had to be peer-reviewed and published in a journal.

The studies found were critically evaluated using two major tools:

  • JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies: This tool is used to assess the authenticity, robustness, and applicability of a study involving prevalence data.
  • The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) framework: This tool is used to evaluate the quality of evidence in a research piece and the strength of its recommendations.

Results Analysis

Data analysis from the 67 studies that met the eligibility criteria entailed using Chi-squared analysis of weighted means. This method helped answer 13 PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcomes) questions. The most common procedural aftermaths scrutinised were:

  • Colic
  • Surgical site complications
  • Myopathy/neuropathy
  • Laminitis
  • Diarrhoea/colitis
  • Fever/pyrexia
  • Jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis
  • Respiratory complications

Study Findings

The result highlights that the overall prevalence of post-operative complications after elective/non-abdominal surgery is about 17.48%, but this rises significantly to 55.62% after colic surgery. The complication reported most was post-operative colic. Following elective/non-abdominal surgery, the weighted mean prevalence of surgical site complications, laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, fever/pyrexia, jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis and respiratory complications were found to have significantly increased after colic surgery. However, the prevalence of myopathy/neuropathy showed no significant difference between the groups.

Conclusion

The data used in this study was largely drawn from retrospective studies. The definitions for morbidity, data collection periods, follow-up times, and methods varied across the studies, which could have had an impact on findings. Despite this, the study concludes that post-operative colic, surgical site complications, laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, fever/pyrexia, jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis, and respiratory complications are prevalent and significantly higher after colic surgery, as opposed to elective/non-abdominal surgery performed under general anaesthesia.

Cite This Article

APA
Loomes K, de Grauw J, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Redondo JI, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. (2024). A systematic review of the prevalence of post-operative complications after general anaesthesia in adult horses (2000-2023). Equine Vet J, 57(4), 827-861. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14416

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 57
Issue: 4
Pages: 827-861

Researcher Affiliations

Loomes, Kate
  • Rainbow Equine Hospital, Malton, North Yorkshire, UK.
de Grauw, Janny
  • Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, University of London, Hatfield, UK.
Gozalo-Marcilla, Miguel
  • The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK.
Redondo, José I
  • Universidad Cardenal Herrera - CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Regula
  • University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anesthesia, General / veterinary
  • Anesthesia, General / adverse effects
  • Colic / veterinary
  • Colic / surgery
  • Horse Diseases / etiology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / surgery
  • Horses
  • Postoperative Complications / veterinary
  • Postoperative Complications / epidemiology
  • Prevalence

Grant Funding

  • The Kate Borer-Weir Memorial AVA Fund
  • The AVA Trust
  • The Horse Trust

References

This article includes 80 references
  1. Deutsch J, Taylor PM. Mortality and morbidity in equine anaesthesia.. Equine Vet Educ 2022;34(3):152–168.
  2. Johnston GM, Eastment JK, Wood JLN, Taylor PM. The confidential enquiry into perioperative equine fatalities (CEPEF): mortality results of phases 1 and 2.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2002;29(4):159–170.
  3. Gozalo‐Marcilla M, Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R, Johnston M, Taylor PM, Redondo JI. Data collection for the fourth multicentre confidential enquiry of perioperative fatalities (CEPEF4) study: new technology and preliminary results.. Animals 2021;11(9):2549.
  4. Laurenza C, Ansart L, Portier K. Risk factors of anesthesia‐related mortality and morbidity in one equine hospital: a retrospective study on 1,161 cases undergoing elective or emergency surgeries.. Front Vet Sci 2020;22(6):514.
  5. Borland KJ, Shaw DJ, Clutton RE. Time‐related changes in post‐operative equine morbidity: a single‐centre study.. Equine Vet Educ 2017;29(1):33–37.
  6. Driscoll N, Baia P, Fischer AT, Brauer T, Klohnen A. Large colon resection and anastomosis in horses: 52 cases (1996–2006).. Equine Vet J 2008;40(4):342–347.
  7. Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey.. Ann Surg 2004;240(2):205–213.
  8. Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and incidence data.. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2015;13(3):147–153.
  9. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction‐GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables.. J Clin Epidemiol 2011;64(4):383–394.
  10. Richardson W, Wilson M, Nishikawa J, Hayward R. The well‐built clinical question: a key to evidence‐based decisions.. ACP J Club 1995;123:A12–A13.
  11. Salem SE, Proudman CJ, Archer DC. Prevention of post operative complications following surgical treatment of equine colic: current evidence.. Equine Vet J 2016;48(2):143–151.
  12. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.. Int Surg J 2021;372(88):105906.
  13. Skrzypczak H, Reed R, Barletta M, Quandt J, Sakai D. A retrospective evaluation of the effect of perianesthetic hydromorphone administration on the incidence of postanesthetic signs of colic in horses.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020;47(6):757–762.
  14. Senior JM, Pinchbeck GL, Allister R, Dugdale AHA, Clark L, Clutton RE. Reported morbidities following 861 anaesthetics given at four equine hospitals.. Vet Rec 2007;160(12):407–408.
  15. Borg H, Carmalt JL. Postoperative septic arthritis after elective equine arthroscopy without antimicrobial prophylaxis.. Vet Surg 2013;42(3):262–266.
  16. Cribb NC, Koenig J, Sorge U. Comparison of laparoscopic versus conventional open cryptorchidectomies on intraoperative and postoperative complications and duration of surgery, anesthesia, and hospital stay in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;246(8):885–892.
  17. Jago RC, Corletto F, Wright IM. Peri‐anaesthetic complications in an equine referral hospital: risk factors for post anaesthetic colic.. Equine Vet J 2015;47(6):635–640.
  18. Pezzanite LM, Griffenhagen GM, Krause DM, Hendrickson DA. Retrospective evaluation of association between perioperative antimicrobial protocol and complications following elective equine synovial endoscopy.. Vet Med Sci 2021;7(3):609–620.
  19. De Cozar M, Sherlock C, Knowles E, Mair T. Serum amyloid A and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in horses following emergency exploratory celiotomy.. Equine Vet J 2020;52(1):59–66.
  20. Findley JA, Salem S, Burgess R, Archer DC. Factors associated with survival of horses following relaparotomy.. Equine Vet J 2017;49(4):448–453.
  21. Freeman DE, Schaeffer DJ, Cleary OB. Long‐term survival in horses with strangulating obstruction of the small intestine managed without resection.. Equine Vet J 2014;46(6):711–717.
  22. Gandini M, Giusto G. Development of a classification system for equine postoperative complications and its application in a cohort of 190 horses undergoing emergency laparotomy.. Vet Rec 2023;192(11):e2782.
  23. Garcia‐Seco E, Wilson DA, Kramer J, Keegan KG, Branson KR, Johnson PJ. Prevalence and risk factors associated with outcome of surgical removal of pedunculated lipomas in horses: 102 cases (1987–2002).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226(9):1529–1537.
  24. Givan SA, Estell KE, Martinez‐Lopez J, Brown JA, Wong DM, Werre SR. Risk factors associated with development of colitis in horses post‐exploratory laparotomy.. Equine Vet J 2024;56(6):1162–1169.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14028google scholar: lookup
  25. Haddad R, Corraretti G, Simon O, Mair T, Sutton AG, Kelmer G. Small intestinal intussusception in horses: multicentre retrospective report on 26 cases (2009–2020).. Equine Vet Educ 2022;34(12):e563–e569.
  26. Mair TS, Smith LJ. Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 2: short‐term complications.. Equine Vet J 2005;37(4):303–309.
  27. Pierce RL, Fischer AT, Rohrbach BW, Klohnen A. Postoperative complications and survival after enterolith removal from the ascending or descending colon in horses.. Vet Surg 2010;39(5):609–615.
  28. Rosser J, Brounts S, Slone D, Lynch T, Livesey M, Hughes F. Pelvic flexure enterotomy closure in the horse with a TA‐90 stapling device: a retrospective clinical study of 84 cases (2001–2008).. Can Vet J 2012;53(6):643–647.
  29. Smanik LE, Moser DK, Rothers KP, Hackett ES. Serial venous lactate measurement following gastrointestinal surgery in horses.. J Vet Sci 2022;23(5):e66.
  30. Stephen JO, Corley KTT, Johnston JK, Pfeiffer D. Factors associated with mortality and morbidity in small intestinal volvulus in horses.. Vet Surg 2004;33(4):340–348.
  31. Straticò P, Varasano V, Palozzo A, Guerri G, Celani G, Revelant O. Retrospective study on risk factors and short‐term outcome of horses referred for colic from 2016 to 2022.. Vet Sci 2022;9(10):545.
  32. Whyard JM, Brounts SH. Article complications and survival in horses with surgically confirmed right dorsal displacement of the large colon.. Can Vet J 2019;60(4):381–385.
  33. Kummer M, Gygax D, Jackson M, Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R, Fürst A. Results and complications of a novel technique for primary castration with an inguinal approach in horses.. Equine Vet J 2009;41(6):547–551.
  34. Little D, Redding WR, Blikslager AT. Risk factors for reduced post operative fecal output in horses: 37 cases (1997–1998).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:414–420.
  35. Mircica E, Clutton RE, Kyles KW, Blissitt KJ. Problems associated with perioperative morphine in horses: a retrospective case analysis.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2003;30(3):147–155.
  36. Nelson BB, Lordan EE, Hassel DM. Risk factors associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction in horses undergoing elective procedures under general anaesthesia.. Equine Vet J 2013;45(S45):8–14.
  37. Secor EJ, Gutierrez‐Nibeyro SD, Clark‐Price SC, Stewart MC, Kay AT. Comparison of complication rates following elective arthroscopy performed as inpatient versus outpatient surgery in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018;253(3):346–354.
  38. Senior JM, Pinchbeck GL, Dugdale AHA, Clegg PD. Retrospective study of the risk factors and prevalence of colic in horses after orthopaedic surgery.. Vet Rec 2004;155(11):321–325.
  39. Senior JM, Pinchbeck GL, Allister R, Dugdale AHA, Clark L, Clutton RE. Post anaesthetic colic in horses: a preventable complication?. Equine Vet J 2006;38(5):479–484.
  40. Anderson SL, Devick I, Bracamonte JL, Hendrick S, Barber SM, Carmalt JL. Occurrence of incisional complications after closure of equine celiotomies with USP 7 polydioxanone.. Vet Surg 2015;44(4):521–526.
  41. Coomer RPC, Mair TS, Edwards GB, Proudman CJ. Do subcutaneous sutures increase risk of laparotomy wound suppuration?. Equine Vet J 2007;39(5):396–399.
  42. Ellis CM, Lynch TM, Slone DE, Hughes FE, Clark CK. Survival and complications after large colon resection and end‐to‐end anastomosis for strangulating large colon volvulus in seventy‐three horses.. Vet Surg 2008;37(8):786–790.
  43. Gazzerro DM, Southwood LL, Lindborg S. Short‐term complications after colic surgery in geriatric versus mature non‐geriatric horses.. Vet Surg 2015;44(2):256–264.
  44. Morton AJ, Blikslager AT. Surgical and postoperative factors influencing short‐term survival of horses following small intestinal resection: 92 cases (1994–2001).. Equine Vet J 2002;34(5):450–454.
  45. Proudman CJ, Smith JE, Edwards GB, French NP. Long‐term survival of equine surgical colic cases. Part 1: patterns of mortality and morbidity.. Equine Vet J 2002;34(5):432–437.
  46. Rendle DI, Wood JLN, Summerhays GES, Walmsley JP, Boswell JC, Phillips TJ. End‐to‐end jejuno‐ileal anastomosis following resection of strangulated small intestine in horses: a comparative study.. Equine Vet J 2005;37(4):356–359.
  47. Semevolos SA, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP. Criteria for selection of cases clinical assessment and outcome of three techniques for jejunal resection and anastomosis in horses: 59 cases (1989–2000).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220(2):215–218.
  48. Stewart S, Southwood LL, Aceto HW. Comparison of short‐ and long‐term complications and survival following jejunojejunostomy, jejunoileostomy and jejunocaecostomy in 112 horses: 2005–2010.. Equine Vet J 2014;46(3):333–338.
  49. Spadari A, Gialletti R, Gandini M, Valle E, Cerullo A, Cavallini D. Short‐term survival and postoperative complications rates in horses undergoing colic surgery: a multicentre study.. Animals 2023;13(6):1107.
  50. Immonen IAM, Karikoski N, Mykkänen A, Niemelä T, Junnila J, Tulamo RM. Long‐term follow‐up on recovery, return to use and sporting activity: a retrospective study of 236 operated colic horses in Finland (2006–2012).. Acta Vet Scand 2017;59:5.
  51. Daniels A, Pezzanite LM, Griffenhagen GM, Hendrickson DA. Evaluation of factors associated with surgical site infection in equine proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: 54 cases (2010–2019).. Vet Med Sci 2022;8(4):1478–1488.
  52. Merchán A, Koenig J, Côté N, Cribb N, Monteith G. Fragment size is associated with post‐operative complications following elective arthroscopy of the tibiotarsal joint of horses.. Can Vet J 2022;63(1):74–80.
  53. Bischofberger AS, Brauer T, Gugelchuk G, Klohnen A. Difference in incisional complications following exploratory celiotomies using antibacterial‐coated suture material for subcutaneous closure: prospective randomised study in 100 horses.. Equine Vet J 2010;42(4):304–309.
  54. Cohen ND, Lester GD, Sanchez LC, Merritt AM, Roussel AJ Jr. Evaluation of risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225(7):1070–1078.
  55. Crosa AT, Katzman SA, Kelleher ME, Nieto JE, Kilcoyne I, Dechant JE. Incidence of incisional complications after exploratory celiotomy in equids affected with enterolithiasis.. Can Vet J 2020;61(10):1085–1109.
  56. Durward‐Akhurst SA, Mair TS, Boston R, Dunkel B. A comparison of two antimicrobial regimens on the prevalence of incisional infections after colic surgery.. Vet Rec 2013;172(11):287.
  57. Freeman KD, Southwood LL, Lane J, Lindborg S, Aceto HW. Post operative infection, pyrexia and perioperative antimicrobial drug use in surgical colic patients.. Equine Vet J 2012;44(4):476–481.
  58. Gustafsson K, Tatz AJ, Slavin RA, Sutton GA, Dahan R, Ahmad WA. Intraincisional medical grade honey decreases the prevalence of incisional infection in horses undergoing colic surgery: a prospective randomised controlled study.. Equine Vet J 2021;53(6):1112–1118.
  59. Hill JA, Tyma JF, Hayes GM, Radcliffe R, Fubini SL. Higher body mass index may increase the risk for the development of incisional complications in horses following emergency ventral midline celiotomy.. Equine Vet J 2020;52(6):799–804.
  60. Isgren CM, Salem SE, Archer DC, Worsman FCF, Townsend NB. Risk factors for surgical site infection following laparotomy: effect of season and perioperative variables and reporting of bacterial isolates in 287 horses.. Equine Vet J 2017;49(1):39–44.
  61. Kilcoyne I, Dechant JE, Kass PH, Nieto JE. Evaluation of the risk of incisional infection in horses following application of protective dressings after exploratory celiotomy for treatment of colic.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019;254(12):1441–1447.
  62. Klein CE, Stefanovski D, Gardner AK, Woodie JB, Embertson RM, Mudge MC. A multicenter retrospective case–cohort study on the prevalence of incisional morbidities in late pregnant mares following exploratory celiotomy (2014–2019): 579 cases.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2023;33(1):59–69.
  63. Martinez‐Lopez J, Brown JA, Werre SR. Incisional complications after skin closure with n‐butyl cyanoacrylate or stainless‐steel skin staples in horses undergoing colic surgery.. Vet Surg 2021;50(1):186–195.
  64. Naylor RJ, Taylor AH, Knowles EJ, Wilford S, Linnenkohl W, Mair TS. Comparison of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for post operative management of horses with strangulating small intestinal lesions.. Equine Vet J 2014;46(4):427–434.
  65. Robson K, Cripps P, Bardell D. Lack of association between arterial oxygen tensions in horses during exploratory coeliotomy and post‐operative incisional complications: a retrospective study.. Vet J 2016;210:24–29.
  66. Rockow M, Griffenhagen G, Landolt G, Hendrickson D, Pezzanite L. The effects of antimicrobial protocols and other perioperative factors on postoperative complications in horses undergoing celiotomy: a retrospective analysis, 2008–2021.. Animals 2023;13(22):3573.
  67. Salciccia A, La Rebière D, De Pouyade G, Gougnard A, Detilleux J, Caudron I. Complications associated with closure of the linea alba using a combination of interrupted vertical mattress and simple interrupted sutures in equine laparotomies.. Vet Rec 2020;187(11):94.
  68. Smith LJ, Mellor DJ, Marr CM, Reid SWJ, Mair TS. Incisional complications following exploratory celiotomy: does an abdominal bandage reduce the risk?. Equine Vet J 2007;39(3):277–283.
  69. van Loon JPAM, Visser EMS, de Mik‐van MM, Kerbert P, Huppes T, Menke ES. Colic surgery in horses: a retrospective study into short‐ and long‐term survival rate, complications and rehabilitation toward sporting activity.. J Equine Vet 2020;1:90.
  70. Kelmer G. What do we currently know about incisional complications of colic surgery?. Equine Vet Educ 2023;35:489–497.
  71. Widmer A, Kummer M, Bettschart R, Fürst A. Atypical laminitis after orthopedic surgery in eight horses.. Pferdeheilkunde 2009;25(6):576–580.
  72. De La Rebière PG, Grulke S, Detilleux J, Salciccia A, Verwilghen DR, Caudron I. Evaluation of low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the prevention of equine laminitis after colic surgery: retrospective study.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2009;19(1):113–119.
  73. Lankveld DPK, Ensink JM, Van Dijk P, Klein WR. Factors influencing the occurrence of thrombophlebitis after post‐surgical long‐term intravenous catheterization of colic horses: a study of 38 cases.. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2001;48(9):545–552.
  74. Prange T, Holcombe SJ, Brown JA, Dechant JE, Fubini SL, Embertson RM. Resection and anastomosis of the descending colon in 43 horses.. Vet Surg 2010;39(6):748–753.
  75. Crosa AT, Desjardins MR. Minimally invasive, compartmentalized, modified open castration technique with primary closure in equids.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018;253(7):897–906.
  76. French NP, Smith J, Edwards GB, Proudman CJ. Equine surgical colic: risk factors for postoperative complications.. Equine Vet J 2002;34(5):444–449.
  77. Tyma JF, Epstein KL. Postoperative sinusitis and pneumonia following exploratory celiotomy for treatment of colic in horses.. Can Vet J 2023;64(1):76–80.
  78. Scarabelli S, Timofte D, Malalana F, Bardell D. Corneal abrasion and microbial contamination in horses following general anaesthesia for non‐ocular surgery.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018;45(3):278–284.
  79. Senior JM. Morbidity, mortality, and risk of general anesthesia in horses.. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 2013;29(1):1–18.
  80. Gandini M, Cerullo A, Giusto G. Scoping review: occurrence and definitions of postoperative complications in equine colic surgery.. Equine Vet J 2023;55(4):563–572.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.