Acute phase protein concentrations after limited distance and long distance endurance rides in horses.
Abstract: Acute phase proteins (APP) have been described as useful for assessing health in human and animal patients, as they closely reflect the acute phase reaction (APR). In humans and dogs a reaction analogous to APR has also been described after prolonged or strenuous exercise. The aim of this study was to determine, if similar reactions occur in endurance horses after limited and long distance rides. Seventeen horses that successfully completed various distance competitions were tested. Routine haematological and biochemical tests were performed and the concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin were measured. Typical endurance exercise-induced haematological and biochemical changes were observed in all horses, regardless the distance. After long distance rides, the level of SAA markedly increased, but CRP and haptoglobin concentrations remained unchanged. After limited distance rides no changes in the levels of APPs were noted. Exercise-induced APR in horses occurred only after prolonged, strenuous exertion, and differed from APR in inflammation in that only SAA concentration was increased.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2012-03-03 PubMed ID: 22390917DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.008Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research studied the effects of endurance rides on horses by measuring their acute phase protein (APP) concentrations. It found that a prolonged, strenuous ride led to an increase in Serum Amyloid A (SAA), one type of APP, but no changes in C-Reactive Protein (CRP) or haptoglobin. Short rides did not affect APP levels.
Introduction and Objective of the Study
- The research aimed to determine whether horses undertaking endurance rides experienced similar acute phase reactions (APRs) to humans and dogs after strenuous exercise. APRs involve the production of acute phase proteins (APPs), which can indicate inflammation and other bodily stresses.
Methodology
- Seventeen horses who successfully completed various distance competitions were tested.
- Routine blood tests were carried out, along with measurements of SAA, CRP and haptoglobin concentrations. These three types of proteins are all APPs, which can indicate APRs.
Results
- All the horses tested showed typical changes in their blood levels related to endurance exercise, irrespective of the distance they had traveled.
- After the long-distance rides, horses showed a marked increase in SAA, but not in CRP or haptoglobin concentrations.
- There were no significant changes in any of the APPs following short-distance rides.
Conclusion
- APRs in horses were observed only after prolonged and strenuous exertion, and this reaction was found to be different from the APR seen in inflammation.
- The APP response in horses after strenuous endurance exercise is selective, affecting only SAA but not other APPs. This study provides valuable insights into equine physiology, particularly the body’s stress response during prolonged physical exertion.
Cite This Article
APA
Cywińska A, Szarska E, Górecka R, Witkowski L, Hecold M, Bereznowski A, Schollenberger A, Winnicka A.
(2012).
Acute phase protein concentrations after limited distance and long distance endurance rides in horses.
Res Vet Sci, 93(3), 1402-1406.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.008 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland. anna_cywinska@sggw.pl
MeSH Terms
- Acute-Phase Proteins / metabolism
- Animals
- Female
- Horses / blood
- Horses / physiology
- Male
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Physical Endurance / physiology
- Sports
Citations
This article has been cited 16 times.- Bollinger L, Bartel A, Weber C, Gehlen H. Pre-Ride Biomarkers and Endurance Horse Welfare: Analyzing the Impact of the Elimination of Superoxide Dismutase, δ-Aminolevulinic-Dehydratase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Iron, and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Elite 160 km Endurance Rides.. Animals (Basel) 2023 May 17;13(10).
- Mohamed RH, Abo El-Maaty AM, Abd El Hameed AR, Ali AH. Impact of travel by walk and road on testicular hormones, oxidants, traces minerals, and acute phase response biomarkers of dromedary camels.. Heliyon 2021 Apr;7(4):e06879.
- Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Cywińska A, Michlik-Połczyńska K, Czopowicz M, Strzelec K, Biazik A, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Crisman M, Witkowski L. Variations in haematological and biochemical parameters in healthy ponies.. BMC Vet Res 2021 Jan 19;17(1):38.
- Perez-Ecija A, Buzon-Cuevas A, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Gonzalez-De Cara C, Mendoza Garcia FJ. Reference intervals of acute phase proteins in healthy Andalusian donkeys and response to experimentally induced endotoxemia.. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jan;35(1):580-589.
- Taylor S. A review of equine sepsis.. Equine Vet Educ 2015 Feb;27(2):99-109.
- Long A, Nolen-Walston R. Equine Inflammatory Markers in the Twenty-First Century: A Focus on Serum Amyloid A.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Apr;36(1):147-160.
- Assunção P, Barbosa T, Yonezawa L, Barbosa L, Watanabe M, Kohayagawa A, Schmidt E. Acute-phase protein profile in horses subjected to different exercise protocols.. Can J Vet Res 2019 Oct;83(4):272-278.
- Le Moyec L, Robert C, Triba MN, Bouchemal N, Mach N, Rivière J, Zalachas-Rebours E, Barrey E. A First Step Toward Unraveling the Energy Metabolism in Endurance Horses: Comparison of Plasma Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Profiles Before and After Different Endurance Race Distances.. Front Mol Biosci 2019;6:45.
- Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Bąska P, Czopowicz M, Żmigrodzka M, Szczepaniak J, Szarska E, Winnicka A, Cywińska A. Changes in Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Concentration in Arabian Endurance Horses During First Training Season.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Jun 8;9(6).
- Witkowska-Piłaszewicz OD, Żmigrodzka M, Winnicka A, Miśkiewicz A, Strzelec K, Cywińska A. Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease.. Equine Vet J 2019 May;51(3):293-298.
- Izzati MRNZ, Noraniza MA, Adamu L, Rasedee A. Validity of an established metabolic disorder index as a predictor for metabolic eliminations in endurance horses.. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018 Dec;6(2):227-232.
- Turło A, Cywińska A, Czopowicz M, Witkowski L, Niedźwiedź A, Słowikowska M, Borowicz H, Jaśkiewicz A, Winnicka A. The Effect of Different Types of Musculoskeletal Injuries on Blood Concentration of Serum Amyloid A in Thoroughbred Racehorses.. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0140673.
- Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP. Acute phase proteins in racehorses with inflammatory airway disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 May-Jun;29(3):940-5.
- Kristensen L, Buhl R, Nostell K, Bak L, Petersen E, Lindholm M, Jacobsen S. Acute exercise does not induce an acute phase response (APR) in Standardbred trotters.. Can J Vet Res 2014 Apr;78(2):97-102.
- Niedzwiedz A, Jaworski Z, Tykalowski B, Smialek M. Neutrophil and macrophage apoptosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy horses and horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).. BMC Vet Res 2014 Jan 24;10:29.
- Cywinska A, Witkowski L, Szarska E, Schollenberger A, Winnicka A. Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses.. BMC Vet Res 2013 May 1;9:91.
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