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Equine veterinary journal2022; 55(5); 916-922; doi: 10.1111/evj.13886

Acute phase protein concentrations following serial procaine penicillin G injections in horses.

Abstract: Acute phase protein (APP) measurement is used to detect inflammation. Intramuscular (IM) injections could cause tissue injury and induce an acute phase response (APR). Objective: To evaluate the effects of IM procaine penicillin G (PPG) injections on APP concentrations in horses. Methods: Prospective longitudinal design. Methods: PPG was administered intramuscularly to six horses, twice daily, for 5 days. Plasma fibrinogen (FIB), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (HAP), creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were quantified daily for 5 days before the first injection, during the course of administration, and for 4 days after the final dose. Analytes were quantified every other day for the remaining 16 days. Data were compared using a parametric or non-parametric repeated measures ANOVA and a Tukey's or Mann-Whitney rank sum test, respectively. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: CK was increased over baseline (mean ± SD: 200 ± 74 IU/L) on Days 1-6 (p < 0.001 to p = 0.02, mean ± SD: 723-1177 ± 355-544 IU/L) and AST was increased above baseline (mean ± SD: 233 ± 58 IU/L) on Days 2-7 and 10 (p < 0.001 to p = 0.05, mean ± SD: 307-437 ± 79-146 IU/L). Increased FIB was noted over baseline (mean ± SD: 177 ± 30 mg/dl) on Days 6-8 and 10 (p = 0.02 to p = 0.03, mean ± SD: 234-252 ± 33-49 mg/dl). SAA was increased above baseline (mean ± SD: 4.7 ± 2.9) on Day 6 (p = 0.02, mean ± SD: 113 ± 186 μg/ml). There was no change in HAP. Conclusions: Healthy horses were used, small sample size, and a lack of a negative control group. Conclusions: Serial intramuscular procaine penicillin G (IM PPG) injections may result in increased positive APP concentrations in horses and this must be considered when these test results are interpreted. 背景: 急性期蛋白(APP)测定用于检测炎症。肌内注射可引起组织损伤并诱发急性期反应。 目的: 评价IM(肌注)普鲁卡因青霉素G (PPG)注射液对马匹体内APP浓度的影响。 研究设计: 前瞻性纵向设计。 方法: 6匹马肌注PPG，每日2次，连续5天。在第一次注射前5天、给药过程中和最后一次给药后4天每天测量血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)、血清淀粉样蛋白A (SAA)、触珠蛋白(HAP)、肌酸激酶(CK)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)。余后16天里，每隔一天继续测量。数据比较分别采用参数或非参数重复测量方差分析和Tukey 's或Mann-Whitney秩和检验。显著性为P < 0.05。 结果: CK值在第1-6天高于基线(平均值±标准差: 200±74 IU/L) (P<0.001 至P=0.02，平均值±标准差: 723-1177±355-544 IU/L)， AST值在第2-7天和第10天高于基线(平均值±标准差: 233±58 IU/L, P<0.001 至 P=0.05，平均值±标准差: 307 ~ 437±79 ~ 146 IU/L)。第6-8天和第10天FIB比基线增加(平均值±标准差: 177±30 mg/dL) (P=0.02 至 P=0.03，平均值±标准差: 234-252±33-49 mg/dL)。第6天SAA高于基线(平均值±标准差: 4.7±2.9)(P=0.02，平均值±标准差: 113±186μg/mL)。HAP无变化。 主要局限性: 使用健康马匹，样本量小，缺乏阴性对照组。 结论: 初步数据支持连续IM肌注PPG可能导致马APP阳性浓度增加。 临床相关性: 肌肉注射PPG会导致某些APP的浓度升高，在解释这些测试结果时，须考虑到这一点。.
© 2022 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2022-11-16 PubMed ID: 36200352DOI: 10.1111/evj.13886Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper investigates the effects of procaine penicillin G injections on Acute Phase Protein levels in horses. The study found an increase in certain biomarkers indicative of inflammation after injection, which could affect their interpretation in clinical assessments.

Research Objective

  • The study aimed to assess the impact of intramuscular procaine penicillin G injections on the concentration of Acute Phase Proteins (APPs) in horses.

Methods and Design

  • The study was a prospective longitudinal design involving six healthy horses.
  • Procaine penicillin G was administered intramuscularly to the horses twice daily for five days.
  • Various APPs – plasma fibrinogen (FIB), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (HAP), creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) – were quantified daily for five days prior to the first injection, throughout the course of the treatment, and for four days after the last dose. These were measured every other day for the next 16 days.
  • Data comparison was done using parametric or non-parametric repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s or Mann-Whitney rank sum test.

Results

  • A significant increase was noted in CK, AST, FIB, and SAA, suggesting an inflammatory response. Haptoglobin didn’t show any change.
  • CK showed an increase from the baseline during days 1 to 6.
  • AST showed an increase over baseline during days 2 to 7, and on day 10.
  • FIB showed increases over the baseline on days 6 to 8, and on day 10.
  • SAA was seen to increase over the baseline on day 6.
  • No change in HAP was observed in the measured period.

Limitations

  • The main constraints of this study were that only healthy horses were used, the sample size was small, and there was lack of a negative control group.

Conclusions

  • The research concluded that repeated intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin G might cause increased levels of APPs in horses.
  • The increase in the concentration of APPs, markers of inflammation, must henceforth be considered in clinical diagnostic evaluations after the administration of such injections.

Cite This Article

APA
Gordon DL, Foreman JH, Connolly SL, Schnelle AN, Fan TM, Barger AM. (2022). Acute phase protein concentrations following serial procaine penicillin G injections in horses. Equine Vet J, 55(5), 916-922. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13886

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 55
Issue: 5
Pages: 916-922

Researcher Affiliations

Gordon, Danielle L
  • Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
  • Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Animal Health Institute, Glendale, Arizona, USA.
Foreman, Jonathan H
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Connolly, Sara L
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Schnelle, Amy N
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Fan, Timothy M
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Barger, Anne M
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Penicillin G Procaine / metabolism
  • Acute-Phase Proteins
  • Prospective Studies
  • Injections, Intramuscular / veterinary
  • Serum Amyloid A Protein

Grant Funding

  • No funding was received for this research

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Ferran AA, Roques BB, Chapuis L, Kuroda T, Lacroix MZ, Toutain PL, Bousquet-Melou A, Lallemand EA. Predicted efficacy and tolerance of different dosage regimens of benzylpenicillin in horses based on a pharmacokinetic study with three IM formulations and one IV formulation. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1409266.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1409266pubmed: 38881781google scholar: lookup
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