FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Frontiers in veterinary science2023; 10; 1043656; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1043656

Acute phase proteins levels in horses, after a single carbohydrate overload, associated with cecal alkalinization.

Abstract: Horses submitted to carbohydrate overload can develop laminitis due to changes in cecal pH and microbiota, followed by an increase in transmural absorption of luminal content, including bacterial toxins. In response to acute injury there is hepatic overproduction of several proteins known as acute phase proteins (APP). Few studies have evaluated protein fractionation to characterize the inflammatory response in acute laminitis. The aim of this study was to test the viability of an experimental model to induce acute laminitis, using a single carbohydrate overload, and the influence of a buffering solution on the development of the disease; also, study the kinetics of APP during acute laminitis, as well as the correlation between these proteins and clinical signs associated to this syndrome. Unassigned: Ten healthy horses were divided in a factorial and randomized way into four groups ( = 5): control group (CG), starch group (SG), buffer group (BG), and starch C buffer group (SBG). They were evaluated at seven times (T0h, T4h, T8h, T12h, T24h, T48h, and T72h), which included clinical evaluation and blood sample collection. Total serum protein and albumin concentrations were determined by colorimetry and the other APP by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and commercial ELISA kits. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test ( 0.05). Transferrin, considered a negative APP, showed a positive response pattern in SG and SBG. Ceruloplasmin had a positive correlation with Obel grade, heart rate on animals from SGB and number of steps on horses submitted to starch overload (SG and SBG). Ceruloplasmin, α-1-antitrypsin and haptoglobin concentrations increased in SBG, suggesting an inflammatory response in animals of this group. Changes in clinical parameters were also more evident in the SBG, corroborating the protein fractionation findings.
Copyright © 2023 Peixoto Rabelo, Barroco de Paula, Carvalho Bustamante, Santana, Gomes da Silva, Baldassi, Canola and Araújo Valadão.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-02-02 PubMed ID: 36816195PubMed Central: PMC9932335DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1043656Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examined how high carbohydrate intake in horses might cause acute laminitis, an inflammatory foot condition, due to changes in gut environment and resulting inflammation. It also investigated if the administration of a buffering solution could prevent this condition, and whether acute phase proteins (APP), which are overproduced in response to an injury, correlate with the symptoms of acute laminitis.

Research Methodology

  • The study involved ten healthy horses that were randomly grouped into four categories: control, starch, buffer, and starch and buffer.
  • The horses were observed and evaluated at seven intervals and their blood samples were collected.
  • The concentration of total serum protein and albumin in these samples was measured using a colorimetric method, while the levels of other acute phase proteins were determined by a technique called polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and commercial ELISA kits.
  • Statistical analysis was then performed on these data to identify any significant differences or correlations.

Findings

  • 40% of the horses in the starch group and 60% in the starch and buffer group developed acute laminitis symptoms.
  • The administration of the buffer solution did not show any effect in preventing the symptoms of laminitis.
  • There was no difference observed in the levels of total serum protein, albumin, serum amyloid A, and C-reactive protein among all the groups.
  • Negative acute phase protein, transferrin, showed a positive response in the starch group and starch and buffer group suggesting a correlation with the onset of the disease.
  • Ceruloplasmin, another protein, was observed to have a positive correlation with the severity of laminitis symptoms in the starch and buffer group.
  • The concentration of ceruloplasmin, α-1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin increased in the starch and buffer group, indicating an inflammatory response in these horses.

Implication of Findings

  • The findings suggest carbohydrate overload can induce laminitis in horses possibly due to inflammatory responses. This information provides valuable insight into the causes of the condition could be linked to diet.
  • The study also demonstrated that a buffering solution doesn’t provide prevention from this condition, contradicting previous belief.
  • The observed correlations and levels of specific proteins following the onset of the disease suggest potential biomarkers for detecting or monitoring the progress of laminitis, leading to improved means of prediction and treatment planning.

Cite This Article

APA
Peixoto Rabelo I, Barroco de Paula V, Carvalho Bustamante C, Santana AM, Gomes da Silva D, Baldassi AC, Canola PA, Araújo Valadão CA. (2023). Acute phase proteins levels in horses, after a single carbohydrate overload, associated with cecal alkalinization. Front Vet Sci, 10, 1043656. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1043656

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Pages: 1043656
PII: 1043656

Researcher Affiliations

Peixoto Rabelo, Isabela
  • Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Barroco de Paula, Vanessa
  • Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Carvalho Bustamante, Caio
  • Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Santana, André Marcos
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Maringá State University, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil.
Gomes da Silva, Daniela
  • Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Baldassi, Amanda Cristina
  • Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Canola, Paulo Aléscio
  • Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Araújo Valadão, Carlos Augusto
  • Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 59 references
  1. Belknap JK. Laminitis: an overview.. Equine Laminitis Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; (2016). p. 11–12.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119169239.ch2google scholar: lookup
  2. Belknap JK, Durham AE. Overview of laminitis prevention.. Equine Laminitis Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; (2016). p. 423–426.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119169239.ch47google scholar: lookup
  3. Pollitt CC, Visser MB. Carbohydrate alimentary overload laminitis.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010 Apr;26(1):65-78.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.01.006pubmed: 20381736google scholar: lookup
  4. Eades SC. Sepsis-related laminitis.. Equine Laminitis Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; (2016). p. 191–95.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119169239.ch22google scholar: lookup
  5. Souza A. Cecal buffering: clinical, physiophatologic and therapeutic aspects in experimental laminitis in equine.. Thesis (PhD in Veterinary Surgery)—Unesp, Jaboticabal (2007).
  6. van Eps AW. General clinical aspects of the laminitis case.. Equine Laminitis Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; (2016). p. 183–190.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119169239.ch21google scholar: lookup
  7. Fagliari JJ, McClenahan D, Evanson OA, Weiss DJ. Changes in plasma protein concentrations in ponies with experimentally induced alimentary laminitis.. Am J Vet Res 1998 Oct;59(10):1234-7.
    pubmed: 9781453
  8. Casella S, Fazio F, Russo C, Giudice E, Piccione G. Acute phase proteins response in hunting dogs.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013 Sep;25(5):577-80.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638713495851pubmed: 23864258google scholar: lookup
  9. Piccione G, Arfuso F, Faggio C, Casella S, Zumbo A, Panzera M. Serum proteins profile in Comisana lambs during the first month of life.. Arch Tierz (2013) 56:742–50.
    doi: 10.7482/0003-9438-56-074google scholar: lookup
  10. Fazio F, Casella S, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Piccione G. Characterization of acute phase proteins and oxidative stress response to road transportation in the dog.. Exp Anim 2015;64(1):19-24.
    doi: 10.1538/expanim.14-0032pmc: PMC4329511pubmed: 25100022google scholar: lookup
  11. Gianesella M, Fiore E, Arfuso F, Vecchio D, Curone G, Morgante M, Mazzotta E, Badon T, Rossi P, Bedin S, Zumbo A, Piccione G. Serum haptoglobin and protein electrophoretic fraction modifications in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) around calving and during early lactation.. J Dairy Res 2019 Aug;86(3):291-295.
    doi: 10.1017/S0022029919000438pubmed: 31292012google scholar: lookup
  12. Arfuso F, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Panzera F, Piccione G. Training Program Intensity Induces an Acute Phase Response in Clinically Healthy Horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 May;88:102986.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102986pubmed: 32303313google scholar: lookup
  13. Hultén C, Demmers S. Serum amyloid A (SAA) as an aid in the management of infectious disease in the foal: comparison with total leucocyte count, neutrophil count and fibrinogen.. Equine Vet J 2002 Nov;34(7):693-8.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776250360pubmed: 12455840google scholar: lookup
  14. Duggan VE, Holyoak GR, MacAllister CG, Cooper SR, Confer AW. Amyloid A in equine colostrum and early milk.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008 Jan 15;121(1-2):150-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.030pubmed: 17681383google scholar: lookup
  15. Andersen SA, Petersen HH, Ersbøll AK, Falk-Rønne J, Jacobsen S. Vaccination elicits a prominent acute phase response in horses.. Vet J 2012 Feb;191(2):199-202.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.019pubmed: 21371917google scholar: lookup
  16. Casella S, Fazio F, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Piccione G. Influence of transportation on serum concentrations of acute phase proteins in horse.. Res Vet Sci 2012 Oct;93(2):914-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.01.004pubmed: 22296939google scholar: lookup
  17. Leise B. The role of neutrophils in equine laminitis.. Cell Tissue Res 2018 Mar;371(3):541-550.
    doi: 10.1007/s00441-018-2788-zpubmed: 29397426google scholar: lookup
  18. Diaz ADPU, Santana AE, Valadão CAA, de Souza AH. Cecal cannula in horses.. Ciênc Anim Bras (2010) 11:357–62.
    doi: 10.526/cab.v11i2.1198google scholar: lookup
  19. Garner HE, Coffman JR, Hahn AW, Hutcheson DP, Tumbleson ME. Equine laminitis of alimentary origin: an experimental model.. Am J Vet Res 1975 Apr;36(4 Pt.1):441-4.
    pubmed: 1124880
  20. Obel N. Studies on the Histopathology of Acute Laminitis.. 1st ed. Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksells Boktrycker Ab; (1948).
  21. Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.. Nature 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680-5.
    doi: 10.1038/227680a0pubmed: 5432063google scholar: lookup
  22. Shevchenko A, Tomas H, Havlis J, Olsen JV, Mann M. In-gel digestion for mass spectrometric characterization of proteins and proteomes.. Nat Protoc 2006;1(6):2856-60.
    doi: 10.1038/nprot.2006.468pubmed: 17406544google scholar: lookup
  23. Carvalho PC, Lima DB, Leprevost FV, Santos MD, Fischer JS, Aquino PF, Moresco JJ, Yates JR 3rd, Barbosa VC. Integrated analysis of shotgun proteomic data with PatternLab for proteomics 4.0.. Nat Protoc 2016 Jan;11(1):102-17.
    doi: 10.1038/nprot.2015.133pmc: PMC5722229pubmed: 26658470google scholar: lookup
  24. Feitosa FLF. Semiologia Veterinária: A Arte do Diagnóstico.. São Paulo: Rocca; (2020).
  25. Hood DM. Laminitis in the horse.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1999 Aug;15(2):287-94, v.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30145-1pubmed: 10472112google scholar: lookup
  26. Nogueira AFS, Di Filippo PA, Anai LA, Vieira MC, Simplício MMG, Santana AE. Establishment of peritoneal liquid electrophoretogram from healthy horses and horses submitted to experimentally induced intestinal obstruction.. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec (2014) 66:665–71.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-41625993google scholar: lookup
  27. Santana AM, Silva DG, Thomas FC, Bernardes PA, Pizauro LJL, Santana CH, Burchmore RJS, Eckersall PD, Fagliari JJ. Blood serum acute phase proteins and iron dynamics during acute phase response of Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin experimentally infected buffalo calves.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018 Sep;203:30-39.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.07.014pubmed: 30243370google scholar: lookup
  28. Santana AM, Thomas FC, Silva DG, McCulloch E, Vidal AMC, Burchmore RJS, Fagliari JJ, Eckersall PD. Reference 1D and 2D electrophoresis maps for potential disease related proteins in milk whey from lactating buffaloes and blood serum from buffalo calves (Water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis).. Res Vet Sci 2018 Jun;118:449-465.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.04.010pubmed: 29734122google scholar: lookup
  29. Dancey CP, Reidy J. Statistics Without Math for Psychology.. 7th ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; (2006).
  30. Maia MA, Botteon PTL, Spindola BF, Botteon RCCM. Change of fecal pH of horses by oral administration of alkalizing.. Braz J Vet Med (2017) 1:1–6.
    doi: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm017google scholar: lookup
  31. Garner HE, Moore JN, Johnson JH, Clark L, Amend JF, Tritschler LG, Coffmann JR, Sprouse RF, Hutcheson DP, Salem CA. Changes in the caecal flora associated with the onset of laminitis.. Equine Vet J 1978 Oct;10(4):249-52.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1978.tb02273.xpubmed: 738266google scholar: lookup
  32. Reeves EP, Dunlea DM, McQuillan K, O'Dwyer CA, Carroll TP, Saldova R, Akepati PR, Wormald MR, McElvaney OJ, Shutchaidat V, Henry M, Meleady P, Keenan J, Liberti DC, Kotton DN, Rudd PM, Wilson AA, McElvaney NG. Circulating Truncated Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Glycoprotein in Patient Plasma Retains Anti-Inflammatory Capacity.. J Immunol 2019 Apr 15;202(8):2240-2253.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801045pmc: PMC6452030pubmed: 30796179google scholar: lookup
  33. Barros IO, Fonseca NBS, Nunes TL, Spagnolo JD, Santos JPA, Neto AS. Peritoneal inflammatory response of the donkeys (Equus asinus) submitted ovariectomy by laparotomy and laparoscopy.. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec (2018) 70:1468–76.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-9542google scholar: lookup
  34. Skaar EP. The battle for iron between bacterial pathogens and their vertebrate hosts.. PLoS Pathog 2010 Aug 12;6(8):e1000949.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000949pmc: PMC2920840pubmed: 20711357google scholar: lookup
  35. Jacobsen S, Jensen JC, Frei S, Jensen AL, Thoefner MB. Use of serum amyloid A and other acute phase reactants to monitor the inflammatory response after castration in horses: a field study.. Equine Vet J 2005 Nov;37(6):552-6.
    doi: 10.2746/042516405775314853pubmed: 16295934google scholar: lookup
  36. Kim PH, Leopold SS. In brief: Gustilo-Anderson classification. [corrected].. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012 Nov;470(11):3270-4.
    doi: 10.1007/s11999-012-2376-6pmc: PMC3462875pubmed: 22569719google scholar: lookup
  37. Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP. Acute phase proteins in racehorses with inflammatory airway disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 May-Jun;29(3):940-5.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12587pmc: PMC4895423pubmed: 25857218google scholar: lookup
  38. Edinger H, Miller I, Stanek C, Gemeiner M. [Electrophoretic studies of serum protein fractions in horses with laminitis].. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1992 Oct;99(10):426-30.
    pubmed: 1425323
  39. Smith BP. Large Animal Internal Medicine.. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences; (2014).
  40. Laskoski LM, Dittrich RL, Valadão CA, Brum JS, Brandão Y, Brito HF, de Sousa RS. Oxidative stress in hoof laminar tissue of horses with lethal gastrointestinal diseases.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016 Mar;171:66-72.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.008pubmed: 26964719google scholar: lookup
  41. McGowan C, Patterson-Kane J. Experimental models of laminitis: Hyperinsulinemia.. Equine Laminitis Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; (2016). p. 68–74.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119169239.ch10google scholar: lookup
  42. Peroni JF. Experimental models of laminitis: black walnut extract.. Equine Laminitis Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; (2016). p. 64–67.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119169239.ch9google scholar: lookup
  43. Hobo S, Niwa H, Anzai T. Evaluation of serum amyloid A and surfactant protein D in sera for identification of the clinical condition of horses with bacterial pneumonia.. J Vet Med Sci 2007 Aug;69(8):827-30.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.69.827pubmed: 17827889google scholar: lookup
  44. Jacobsen S, Nielsen JV, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Toelboell T, Fjeldborg J, Halling-Thomsen M, Martinussen T, Thoefner MB. Acute phase response to surgery of varying intensity in horses: a preliminary study.. Vet Surg 2009 Aug;38(6):762-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2009.00564.xpubmed: 19674420google scholar: lookup
  45. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz OD, Żmigrodzka M, Winnicka A, Miśkiewicz A, Strzelec K, Cywińska A. Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease.. Equine Vet J 2019 May;51(3):293-298.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13062pmc: PMC7163734pubmed: 30565319google scholar: lookup
  46. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Bąska P, Czopowicz M, Żmigrodzka M, Szczepaniak J, Szarska E, Winnicka A, Cywińska A. Changes in Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Concentration in Arabian Endurance Horses During First Training Season.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Jun 8;9(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9060330pmc: PMC6616404pubmed: 31181740google scholar: lookup
  47. Jacobsen S, Niewold TA, Halling-Thomsen M, Nanni S, Olsen E, Lindegaard C, Andersen PH. Serum amyloid A isoforms in serum and synovial fluid in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced arthritis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Apr 15;110(3-4):325-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.012pubmed: 16337010google scholar: lookup
  48. Jacobsen S, Thomsen MH, Nanni S. Concentrations of serum amyloid A in serum and synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with joint disease.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Oct;67(10):1738-42.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1738pubmed: 17014325google scholar: lookup
  49. Ludwig EK, Brandon Wiese R, Graham MR, Tyler AJ, Settlage JM, Werre SR, Petersson-Wolfe CS, Kanevsky-Mullarky I, Dahlgren LA. Serum and Synovial Fluid Serum Amyloid A Response in Equine Models of Synovitis and Septic Arthritis.. Vet Surg 2016 Oct;45(7):859-867.
    doi: 10.1111/vsu.12531pubmed: 27580707google scholar: lookup
  50. Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase.. Equine Vet J 2004 Apr;36(3):221-5.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044877242pubmed: 15147128google scholar: lookup
  51. Kyaw-Tanner MT, Wattle O, van Eps AW, Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis: membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-14) is involved in acute phase onset.. Equine Vet J 2008 Jul;40(5):482-7.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X270353pubmed: 18178538google scholar: lookup
  52. Pollock PJ, Prendergast M, Schumacher J, Bellenger CR. Effects of surgery on the acute phase response in clinically normal and diseased horses.. Vet Rec 2005 Apr 23;156(17):538-42.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.156.17.538pubmed: 15849343google scholar: lookup
  53. Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Leclere M, Lemos K, Wagner B, Lavoie JP. Markers of systemic inflammation in horses with heaves.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Nov-Dec;26(6):1419-26.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00993.xpubmed: 22925172google scholar: lookup
  54. Ryu SY, Kim KS, Park J, Kang MG, Han MA. The association between circulating inflammatory markers and metabolic syndrome in Korean rural adults.. J Prev Med Public Health 2008 Nov;41(6):413-8.
    doi: 10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.6.413pubmed: 19037171google scholar: lookup
  55. Maleki A, Rashidi N, Aghaei Meybodi H, Montazeri M, Montazeri M, Falsafi F, Ghanavati R, Forughi S, Alyari F. Metabolic syndrome and inflammatory biomarkers in adults: a population-based survey in Western region of iran.. Int Cardiovasc Res J 2014 Dec;8(4):156-60.
    pmc: PMC4302503pubmed: 25614859
  56. Ingelsson E, Hulthe J, Lind L. Inflammatory markers in relation to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.. Eur J Clin Invest 2008 Jul;38(7):502-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.01962.xpubmed: 18489581google scholar: lookup
  57. Burns TA, Toribio RE. Metabolic syndrome in humans and horses: the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance.. Equine Laminitis Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; (2016). p. 49–166.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119169239.ch18google scholar: lookup
  58. Martins Filho LP, Fagliari JJ, Moraes JRE, Sampaio RC, Oliveira JA, Lacerda Neto JC. Clinical and laboratorial evaluation in prodromal stage of carbohydrate overload-induced equine laminitis.. Ars Vet (2007) 23:32–9.
  59. Jacobsen S. Review of equine acute-phase proteins.. P Annu Conv Am Equin (2007) 53:230–5.

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Cecchini Gualandi S, Di Palma T, Boni R. Analytical Validation of Two Assays for Equine Ceruloplasmin Ferroxidase Activity Assessment. Vet Sci 2023 Oct 18;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10100623pubmed: 37888575google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.