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Viruses2019; 11(9); doi: 10.3390/v11090844

African Horse Sickness: A Review of Current Understanding and Vaccine Development.

Abstract: African horse sickness is a devastating disease that causes great suffering and many fatalities amongst horses in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by nine different serotypes of the orbivirus African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and it is spread by Culicoid midges. The disease has significant economic consequences for the equine industry both in southern Africa and increasingly further afield as the geographic distribution of the midge vector broadens with global warming and climate change. Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) have been used with relative success for many decades but carry the risk of reversion to virulence and/or genetic re-assortment between outbreak and vaccine strains. Furthermore, the vaccines lack DIVA capacity, the ability to distinguish between vaccine-induced immunity and that induced by natural infection. These concerns have motivated interest in the development of new, more favourable recombinant vaccines that utilize viral vectors or are based on reverse genetics or virus-like particle technologies. This review summarizes the current understanding of AHSV structure and the viral replication cycle and also evaluates existing and potential vaccine strategies that may be applied to prevent or control the disease.
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Publication Date: 2019-09-11 PubMed ID: 31514299PubMed Central: PMC6783979DOI: 10.3390/v11090844Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

African horse sickness is an ongoing concern in the horse industry, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, due to its devastating effects and underlying causes. The focus of this research is to provide a summary of the current knowledge about African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and the efforts being put in to develop vaccines to combat the disease.

Understanding African Horse Sickness

  • The research delves into understanding African horse sickness, a severe disease that has been causing significant damage to horses, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. African horse sickness is a viral infection, caused by nine different serotypes of the orbivirus African horse sickness virus (AHSV).
  • Key factors contributing to the spread of this disease include the Culicoid midges, which are known to spread the disease, and certain climatic changes, particularly global warming, which have led to an expansion in the geographic reach of the midge vectors.
  • The disease not only has a harmful impact on the health of horses, leading to many fatalities, but it also results in major economic ramifications for the equine industry through both its presence in southern Africa and its potential to spread further afield.

Current and Potential Vaccine Strategies

  • This review also delves into the vaccines that have been used to tackle this disease. Historically, Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) have been utilized with a level of success; however, these carry the risk of the virus reverting to virulence or genetic re-assortment between outbreak and vaccine strains.
  • The fact that current vaccines lack DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) capacity, meaning it is impossible to distinguish between animals’ immunity due to vaccination and as a result of natural infection, adds another level of complexity to controlling the disease, and is an area of concern.
  • This necessitated the exploration and development of new vaccine strategies. The paper discusses potential recombinant vaccines that could serve as possible alternatives. Such vaccines would use viral vectors or be based on reverse genetics or virus-like particle technologies, which may prove more efficient in controlling or preventing the disease.

Wrapping Up

  • The paper serves as a comprehensive summary of the understanding of the African horse sickness virus, its effect on horses, specific differences between the nine serotypes of the orbivirus, how the disease is spread, as well as potential new strategies and improvements that could be made to vaccines to control and prevent the spread of the disease.
  • The examination of such aspects signifies the importance of this study, given the health and economic ramifications the disease has on the equine industry, and the potential scope for improvement in its mitigation strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
Dennis SJ, Meyers AE, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. (2019). African Horse Sickness: A Review of Current Understanding and Vaccine Development. Viruses, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090844

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 9

Researcher Affiliations

Dennis, Susan J
  • Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. sue.dennis@uct.ac.za.
Meyers, Ann E
  • Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. ann.meyers@uct.ac.za.
Hitzeroth, Inga I
  • Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. inga.hitzeroth@uct.ac.za.
Rybicki, Edward P
  • Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. ed.rybicki@uct.ac.za.
  • Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa. ed.rybicki@uct.ac.za.

MeSH Terms

  • Africa, Southern
  • African Horse Sickness / prevention & control
  • African Horse Sickness Virus / genetics
  • African Horse Sickness Virus / immunology
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Neutralizing / immunology
  • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
  • Ceratopogonidae / virology
  • Horses
  • Reverse Genetics
  • Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology
  • Vaccines, Synthetic
  • Viral Vaccines / immunology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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