FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Anat / Age-related changes of tendon fibril micro-morphology and ge...
Journal of anatomy2019; 236(4); 688-700; doi: 10.1111/joa.13125

Age-related changes of tendon fibril micro-morphology and gene expression.

Abstract: Aging is hypothesized to be associated with changes in tendon matrix composition which may lead to alteration of tendon material properties and hence propensity to injury. Altered gene expression may offer insights into disease pathophysiology and thus open new perspectives toward designing pathophysiology-driven therapeutics. Therefore, the current study aimed at identifying naturally occurring differences in tendon micro-morphology and gene expression of newborn, young and old horses. Age-related differences in the distribution pattern of tendon fibril thickness and in the expression of the tendon relevant genes collagen type 1 (Col1), Col3, Col5, tenascin-C, decorin, tenomodulin, versican, scleraxis and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein were investigated. A qualitative and quantitative gene expression and collagen fibril diameter analysis was performed for the most frequently injured equine tendon, the superficial digital flexor tendon, in comparison with the deep digital flexor tendon. Most analyzed genes (Col1, Col3, Col5, tenascin-C, tenomodulin, scleraxis) were expressed at a higher level in foals (age ≤ 6 months) than in horses of 2.75 years (age at which flexor tendons become mature in structure) and older, decorin expression increased with age. Decorin was previously reported to inhibit the lateral fusion of collagen fibrils, causing a thinner fibril diameter with increased decorin concentration. The results of this study suggested that reduction of tendon fibril diameters commonly seen in equine tendons with increasing age might be a natural age-related phenomenon leading to greater fibril surface areas with increased fibrillar interaction and reduced sliding at the fascicular/fibrillar interface and hence a stiffer interfascicular/interfibrillar matrix. This may be a potential reason for the higher propensity to tendinopathies with increasing age.
© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Anatomical Society.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-12-03 PubMed ID: 31792963PubMed Central: PMC7083562DOI: 10.1111/joa.13125Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates how aging influences the micro-structure and gene expression in tendons, using horses as the subject. The findings could potentially help understand why tendons are more prone to injury as they age.

Objectives and Methodology

  • The research aimed to identify changes in tendon micro-structure and gene expression in newborn, young, and old horses. This could assist in understanding the changes in the tendon matrix with aging and how this influences tendon properties and susceptibility to injury.
  • Researchers examined age-related differences in tendon fibril thickness and tendon-related gene expressions – specifically collagen type 1 (Col1), Col3, Col5, tenascin-C, decorin, tenomodulin, versican, scleraxis and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein.
  • The study mainly focused on the superficial digital flexor tendon, which is the tendon most frequently injured in horses, compared with the deep digital flexor tendon.

Results and Implications

  • Most of the analyzed genes (including Col1, Col3, Col5, tenascin-C, tenomodulin, scleraxis) were expressed at a higher level in foals (age ≤ 6 months) than in horses aged 2.75 years and older.
  • The study found decorin gene expression increased with age, which is significant as decorin is known to inhibit the lateral fusion of collagen fibrils, resulting in a slimmer fibril diameter with increased decorin concentration.
  • The research suggests that the reduction of tendon fibril diameters often seen in horse tendons as they age could be a natural phenomenon. This might create greater fibril surface areas, increased fibrillar interaction and reduced sliding at the fascicular/fibrillar interface, thus a stiffer interfascicular/interfibrillar matrix.
  • This hardening and stiffening of the tendon matrix with age may explain why there is a higher propensity for tendinopathies in older horses. This increased susceptibility to tendon problems with age is possibly due to the micro-structural and gene expression changes identified in this study.
  • The results could open up new possibilities for the design of therapies aimed at the inherent pathophysiology of tendon diseases, thus benefiting both animals and potentially humans as well.

Cite This Article

APA
Ribitsch I, Gueltekin S, Keith MF, Minichmair K, Peham C, Jenner F, Egerbacher M. (2019). Age-related changes of tendon fibril micro-morphology and gene expression. J Anat, 236(4), 688-700. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13125

Publication

Journal of anatomy
ISSN: 1469-7580
NlmUniqueID: 0137162
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 236
Issue: 4
Pages: 688-700

Researcher Affiliations

Ribitsch, Iris
  • Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Gueltekin, Sinan
  • Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Keith, Marlies Franziska
  • Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Minichmair, Kristina
  • Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Peham, Christian
  • Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Jenner, Florien
  • Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Egerbacher, Monika
  • Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

MeSH Terms

  • Age Factors
  • Aging / physiology
  • Animals
  • Collagen / genetics
  • Collagen / metabolism
  • Decorin / genetics
  • Decorin / metabolism
  • Gene Expression
  • Horses
  • Membrane Proteins / genetics
  • Membrane Proteins / metabolism
  • Tendons / metabolism

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

References

This article includes 72 references
  1. Abate M, Silbernagel KG, Siljeholm C, Di Iorio A, De Amicis D, Salini V, Werner S, Paganelli R. Pathogenesis of tendinopathies: inflammation or degeneration?. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11(3):235.
    pmc: PMC2714139pubmed: 19591655doi: 10.1186/ar2723google scholar: lookup
  2. Ansorge HL, Adams S, Birk DE, Soslowsky LJ. Mechanical, compositional, and structural properties of the post-natal mouse Achilles tendon.. Ann Biomed Eng 2011 Jul;39(7):1904-13.
    pmc: PMC3341172pubmed: 21431455doi: 10.1007/s10439-011-0299-0google scholar: lookup
  3. Ansorge HL, Hsu JE, Edelstein L, Adams S, Birk DE, Soslowsky LJ. Recapitulation of the Achilles tendon mechanical properties during neonatal development: a study of differential healing during two stages of development in a mouse model.. J Orthop Res 2012 Mar;30(3):448-56.
    pmc: PMC3265027pubmed: 22267191doi: 10.1002/jor.21542google scholar: lookup
  4. Birch HL, Bailey AJ, Goodship AE. Macroscopic 'degeneration' of equine superficial digital flexor tendon is accompanied by a change in extracellular matrix composition.. Equine Vet J 1998 Nov;30(6):534-9.
    pubmed: 9844973doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04530.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  5. Birch HL, Bailey JV, Bailey AJ, Goodship AE. Age-related changes to the molecular and cellular components of equine flexor tendons.. Equine Vet J 1999 Sep;31(5):391-6.
    pubmed: 10505954doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03838.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  6. Birch HL, McLaughlin L, Smith RK, Goodship AE. Treadmill exercise-induced tendon hypertrophy: assessment of tendons with different mechanical functions.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):222-6.
    pubmed: 10659256doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05222.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  7. Birch HL, Thorpe CT, Rumian AP. Specialisation of extracellular matrix for function in tendons and ligaments.. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2013 Jan;3(1):12-22.
    pmc: PMC3676159pubmed: 23885341doi: 10.11138/mltj/2013.3.1.012google scholar: lookup
  8. Birk DE, Nurminskaya MV, Zycband EI. Collagen fibrillogenesis in situ: fibril segments undergo post-depositional modifications resulting in linear and lateral growth during matrix development.. Dev Dyn 1995 Mar;202(3):229-43.
    pubmed: 7780173doi: 10.1002/aja.1002020303google scholar: lookup
  9. Brama PA, Tekoppele JM, Bank RA, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR. Functional adaptation of equine articular cartilage: the formation of regional biochemical characteristics up to age one year.. Equine Vet J 2000 May;32(3):217-21.
    pubmed: 10836476doi: 10.2746/042516400776563626google scholar: lookup
  10. Brama PA, TeKoppele JM, Bank RA, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR. Development of biochemical heterogeneity of articular cartilage: influences of age and exercise.. Equine Vet J 2002 May;34(3):265-9.
    pubmed: 12108744doi: 10.2746/042516402776186146google scholar: lookup
  11. Bruns J, Kampen J, Kahrs J, Plitz W. Achilles tendon rupture: experimental results on spontaneous repair in a sheep-model.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000;8(6):364-9.
    pubmed: 11147155doi: 10.1007/s001670000149google scholar: lookup
  12. Cherdchutham W, Becker C, Smith RK, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR. Age-related changes and effect of exercise on the molecular composition of immature equine superficial digital flexor tendons.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Nov;(31):86-94.
    pubmed: 10999666doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05319.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  13. Cherdchutham W, Becker CK, Spek ER, Voorhout WF, van Weeren PR. Effects of exercise on the diameter of collagen fibrils in the central core and periphery of the superficial digital flexor tendon in foals.. Am J Vet Res 2001 Oct;62(10):1563-70.
    pubmed: 11592320doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1563google scholar: lookup
  14. Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Tucker RP. Connective tissues: signalling by tenascins.. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004 Jun;36(6):1085-9.
    pubmed: 15094123doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.01.007google scholar: lookup
  15. Danielson KG, Baribault H, Holmes DF, Graham H, Kadler KE, Iozzo RV. Targeted disruption of decorin leads to abnormal collagen fibril morphology and skin fragility.. J Cell Biol 1997 Feb 10;136(3):729-43.
    pmc: PMC2134287pubmed: 9024701doi: 10.1083/jcb.136.3.729google scholar: lookup
  16. Docheva D, Müller SA, Majewski M, Evans CH. Biologics for tendon repair.. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015 Apr;84:222-39.
    pmc: PMC4519231pubmed: 25446135doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.015google scholar: lookup
  17. Dunkman AA, Buckley MR, Mienaltowski MJ, Adams SM, Thomas SJ, Satchell L, Kumar A, Pathmanathan L, Beason DP, Iozzo RV, Birk DE, Soslowsky LJ. Decorin expression is important for age-related changes in tendon structure and mechanical properties.. Matrix Biol 2013 Jan;32(1):3-13.
    pmc: PMC3615887pubmed: 23178232doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.11.005google scholar: lookup
  18. Dyson S, Murray R. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of 264 horses with foot pain: the podotrochlear apparatus, deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint.. Equine Vet J 2007 Jul;39(4):340-3.
    pubmed: 17722726doi: 10.2746/042516407x185566google scholar: lookup
  19. Edwards LJ, Goodship AE, Birch HL, Patterson-Kane JC. Effect of exercise on age-related changes in collagen fibril diameter distributions in the common digital extensor tendons of young horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Apr;66(4):564-8.
    pubmed: 15900933doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.564google scholar: lookup
  20. Ely ER, Verheyen KL, Wood JL. Fractures and tendon injuries in National Hunt horses in training in the UK: a pilot study.. Equine Vet J 2004 May;36(4):365-7.
    pubmed: 15163047doi: 10.2746/0425164044890607google scholar: lookup
  21. Fackelman GE. The nature of tendon damage and its repair.. Equine Vet J 1973 Oct;5(4):141-9.
    pubmed: 4766687doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1973.tb03214.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  22. Gajhede-Knudsen M, Ekstrand J, Magnusson H, Maffulli N. Recurrence of Achilles tendon injuries in elite male football players is more common after early return to play: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study.. Br J Sports Med 2013 Aug;47(12):763-8.
    pubmed: 23770660doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092271google scholar: lookup
  23. Halász K, Kassner A, Mörgelin M, Heinegård D. COMP acts as a catalyst in collagen fibrillogenesis.. J Biol Chem 2007 Oct 26;282(43):31166-73.
    pubmed: 17716974doi: 10.1074/jbc.m705735200google scholar: lookup
  24. Kannus P. Structure of the tendon connective tissue.. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000 Dec;10(6):312-20.
    pubmed: 11085557doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010006312.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. Kasashima Y, Takahashi T, Smith RK, Goodship AE, Kuwano A, Ueno T, Hirano S. Prevalence of superficial digital flexor tendonitis and suspensory desmitis in Japanese Thoroughbred flat racehorses in 1999.. Equine Vet J 2004 May;36(4):346-50.
    pubmed: 15163043doi: 10.2746/0425164044890580google scholar: lookup
  26. Koch TG, Betts DH. Stem cell therapy for joint problems using the horse as a clinically relevant animal model.. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007 Nov;7(11):1621-6.
    pubmed: 17961087doi: 10.1517/14712598.7.11.1621google scholar: lookup
  27. Lam KH, Parkin TD, Riggs CM, Morgan KL. Descriptive analysis of retirement of Thoroughbred racehorses due to tendon injuries at the Hong Kong Jockey Club (1992-2004).. Equine Vet J 2007 Mar;39(2):143-8.
    pubmed: 17378443doi: 10.2746/042516407x159132google scholar: lookup
  28. Leadbetter WB. Cell-matrix response in tendon injury.. Clin Sports Med 1992 Jul;11(3):533-78.
    pubmed: 1638640
  29. Lin YL, Brama PA, Kiers GH, DeGroot J, van Weeren PR. Functional adaptation through changes in regional biochemical characteristics during maturation of equine superficial digital flexor tendons.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Sep;66(9):1623-9.
    pubmed: 16261838doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1623google scholar: lookup
  30. Mair TS, Kinns J. Deep digital flexor tendonitis in the equine foot diagnosed by low-field magnetic resonance imaging in the standing patient: 18 cases.. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005 Nov-Dec;46(6):458-66.
    pubmed: 16396260doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00084.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  31. Michna H, Hartmann G. Adaptation of tendon collagen to exercise.. Int Orthop 1989;13(3):161-5.
    pubmed: 2633778doi: 10.1007/bf00268040google scholar: lookup
  32. Milner PI, Sidwell S, Talbot AM, Clegg PD. Short-term temporal alterations in magnetic resonance signal occur in primary lesions identified in the deep digital flexor tendon of the equine digit.. Equine Vet J 2012 Mar;44(2):157-62.
    pubmed: 21696437doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00410.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  33. Moore MJ, De Beaux A. A quantitative ultrastructural study of rat tendon from birth to maturity.. J Anat 1987 Aug;153:163-9.
    pmc: PMC1261790pubmed: 3429315
  34. Murray RC, Blunden TS, Schramme MC, Dyson SJ. How does magnetic resonance imaging represent histologic findings in the equine digit?. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006 Jan-Feb;47(1):17-31.
    pubmed: 16429981doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00101.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  35. Murray RC, Dyson SJ, Tranquille C, Adams V. Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury diagnosis.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):411-6.
    pubmed: 17402457doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05578.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  36. Oryan A, Shoushtari AH. Histology and ultrastructure of the developing superficial digital flexor tendon in rabbits.. Anat Histol Embryol 2008 Apr;37(2):134-40.
    pubmed: 18333855doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2007.00811.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  37. Ottani V, Raspanti M, Ruggeri A. Collagen structure and functional implications.. Micron 2001 Apr;32(3):251-60.
    pubmed: 11006505doi: 10.1016/s0968-4328(00)00042-1google scholar: lookup
  38. Parry DA, Barnes GR, Craig AS. A comparison of the size distribution of collagen fibrils in connective tissues as a function of age and a possible relation between fibril size distribution and mechanical properties.. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1978 Dec 18;203(1152):305-21.
    pubmed: 33395doi: 10.1098/rspb.1978.0107google scholar: lookup
  39. Parry DA, Craig AS, Barnes GR. Tendon and ligament from the horse: an ultrastructural study of collagen fibrils and elastic fibres as a function of age.. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1978 Dec 18;203(1152):293-303.
    pubmed: 33394doi: 10.1098/rspb.1978.0106google scholar: lookup
  40. Patruno M, Martinello T. Treatments of the injured tendon in Veterinary Medicine: from scaffolds to adult stem cells.. Histol Histopathol 2014 Apr;29(4):417-22.
    pubmed: 24203578doi: 10.14670/hh-29.10.417google scholar: lookup
  41. Patterson-Kane JC, Rich T. Achilles tendon injuries in elite athletes: lessons in pathophysiology from their equine counterparts.. ILAR J 2014;55(1):86-99.
    pubmed: 24936032doi: 10.1093/ilar/ilu004google scholar: lookup
  42. Patterson-Kane JC, Parry DA, Birch HL, Goodship AE, Firth EC. An age-related study of morphology and cross-link composition of collagen fibrils in the digital flexor tendons of young thoroughbred horses.. Connect Tissue Res 1997;36(3):253-60.
    pubmed: 9512893doi: 10.3109/03008209709160225google scholar: lookup
  43. Patterson-Kane JC, Parry DA, Goodship AE, Firth EC. Exercise modifies the age-related change in crimp pattern in the core region of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. N Z Vet J 1997 Aug;45(4):135-9.
    pubmed: 16031973doi: 10.1080/00480169.1997.36013google scholar: lookup
  44. Patterson-Kane JC, Wilson AM, Firth EC, Parry DA, Goodship AE. Comparison of collagen fibril populations in the superficial digital flexor tendons of exercised and nonexercised thoroughbreds.. Equine Vet J 1997 Mar;29(2):121-5.
    pubmed: 9104561doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb01653.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  45. Patterson-Kane JC, Firth EC, Parry DA, Wilson AM, Goodship AE. Effects of training on collagen fibril populations in the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor tendon of young thoroughbreds.. Am J Vet Res 1998 Jan;59(1):64-8.
    pubmed: 9442247
  46. Provenzano PP, Vanderby R Jr. Collagen fibril morphology and organization: implications for force transmission in ligament and tendon.. Matrix Biol 2006 Mar;25(2):71-84.
    pubmed: 16271455doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.09.005google scholar: lookup
  47. Reed CC, Iozzo RV. The role of decorin in collagen fibrillogenesis and skin homeostasis.. Glycoconj J 2002 May-Jun;19(4-5):249-55.
    pubmed: 12975602doi: 10.1023/a:1025383913444google scholar: lookup
  48. Riley G. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy. A molecular perspective.. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004 Feb;43(2):131-42.
    pubmed: 12867575doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg448google scholar: lookup
  49. Riley G. Tendinopathy--from basic science to treatment.. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008 Feb;4(2):82-9.
    pubmed: 18235537doi: 10.1038/ncprheum0700google scholar: lookup
  50. Schramme MC. Deep digital flexor tendonopathy in the foot. Equine Vet Educ 23, 403–415.
  51. Sese M, Ueda H, Watanabe T, Yamamoto E, Hosaka Y, Tangkawattana P, Takehana K. Characteristics of collagen fibrils in the entire equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2007 Nov;84(3):111-4.
    pubmed: 18186224doi: 10.2535/ofaj.84.111google scholar: lookup
  52. Smith RKW. (2011) In: Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse (eds Ross MW. Dyson SJ), 2nd edn. St. Louis: Elsevier.
  53. Smith RK, Webbon PM. Harnessing the stem cell for the treatment of tendon injuries: heralding a new dawn?. Br J Sports Med 2005 Sep;39(9):582-4.
    pmc: PMC1725307pubmed: 16118291doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.015834google scholar: lookup
  54. Smith MR, Wright IM. Noninfected tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath: a retrospective analysis of 76 cases.. Equine Vet J 2006 Mar;38(2):134-41.
    pubmed: 16536382doi: 10.2746/042516406776563350google scholar: lookup
  55. Smith RK, Zunino L, Webbon PM, Heinegård D. The distribution of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in tendon and its variation with tendon site, age and load.. Matrix Biol 1997 Nov;16(5):255-71.
    pubmed: 9501326doi: 10.1016/s0945-053x(97)90014-7google scholar: lookup
  56. Smith RK, Birch H, Patterson-Kane J, Firth EC, Williams L, Cherdchutham W, van Weeren WR, Goodship AE. Should equine athletes commence training during skeletal development?: changes in tendon matrix associated with development, ageing, function and exercise.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):201-9.
    pubmed: 10659252doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05218.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  57. Smith RK, Birch HL, Goodman S, Heinegård D, Goodship AE. The influence of ageing and exercise on tendon growth and degeneration--hypotheses for the initiation and prevention of strain-induced tendinopathies.. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002 Dec;133(4):1039-50.
    pubmed: 12485691doi: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00148-4google scholar: lookup
  58. Taylor SE, Vaughan-Thomas A, Clements DN, Pinchbeck G, Macrory LC, Smith RK, Clegg PD. Gene expression markers of tendon fibroblasts in normal and diseased tissue compared to monolayer and three dimensional culture systems.. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009 Feb 26;10:27.
    pmc: PMC2651848pubmed: 19245707doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-27google scholar: lookup
  59. Thorpe CT, Clegg PD, Birch HL. A review of tendon injury: why is the equine superficial digital flexor tendon most at risk?. Equine Vet J 2010 Mar;42(2):174-80.
    pubmed: 20156256doi: 10.2746/042516409x480395google scholar: lookup
  60. Thorpe CT, Udeze CP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HR. Capacity for sliding between tendon fascicles decreases with ageing in injury prone equine tendons: a possible mechanism for age-related tendinopathy?. Eur Cell Mater 2013 Jan 8;25:48-60.
    pubmed: 23300032doi: 10.22203/ecm.v025a04google scholar: lookup
  61. Thorpe CT, McDermott BT, Goodship AE, Clegg PD, Birch HL. Ageing does not result in a decline in cell synthetic activity in an injury prone tendon.. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016 Jun;26(6):684-93.
    pubmed: 26058332doi: 10.1111/sms.12500google scholar: lookup
  62. Tully LJ, Murphy AM, Smith RK, Hulin-Curtis SL, Verheyen KL, Price JS. Polymorphisms in TNC and COL5A1 genes are associated with risk of superficial digital flexor tendinopathy in National Hunt Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2014 May;46(3):289-93.
    pubmed: 23906005doi: 10.1111/evj.12134google scholar: lookup
  63. Vogel KG, Trotter JA. The effect of proteoglycans on the morphology of collagen fibrils formed in vitro.. Coll Relat Res 1987 Jun;7(2):105-14.
    pubmed: 3621881doi: 10.1016/s0174-173x(87)80002-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  64. Wang JH. Mechanobiology of tendon.. J Biomech 2006;39(9):1563-82.
    pubmed: 16000201doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.011google scholar: lookup
  65. Watanabe T, Hosaka Y, Yamamoto E, Ueda H, Sugawara K, Takahashi H, Takehana K. Control of the collagen fibril diameter in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon in horses by decorin.. J Vet Med Sci 2005 Sep;67(9):855-60.
    pubmed: 16210795doi: 10.1292/jvms.67.855google scholar: lookup
  66. Watanabe T, Imamura Y, Hosaka Y, Ueda H, Takehana K. Graded arrangement of collagen fibrils in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. Connect Tissue Res 2007;48(6):332-7.
    pubmed: 18075820doi: 10.1080/03008200701692800google scholar: lookup
  67. Webbon PM. A post mortem study of equine digital flexor tendons.. Equine Vet J 1977 Apr;9(2):61-7.
    pubmed: 862604doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1977.tb03981.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  68. van Weeren R. Exercise at young age may influence the final quality of the equine musculoskeletal system. Conference Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) Vol. 46 pp. 29–35.
  69. Wezenbeek E, De Clercq D, Mahieu N, Willems T, Witvrouw E. Activity-Induced Increase in Achilles Tendon Blood Flow Is Age and Sex Dependent.. Am J Sports Med 2018 Sep;46(11):2678-2686.
    pubmed: 30067065doi: 10.1177/0363546518786259google scholar: lookup
  70. Williams RB, Harkins LS, Hammond CJ, Wood JL. Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities recorded on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998.. Equine Vet J 2001 Sep;33(5):478-86.
    pubmed: 11558743doi: 10.2746/042516401776254808google scholar: lookup
  71. Young M, Moshood O, Zhang J, Sarbacher CA, Mueller POE, Halper J. Does BMP2 play a role in the pathogenesis of equine degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis?. BMC Res Notes 2018 Sep 18;11(1):672.
    pmc: PMC6145121pubmed: 30227887doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3776-9google scholar: lookup
  72. Zhang G, Young BB, Ezura Y, Favata M, Soslowsky LJ, Chakravarti S, Birk DE. Development of tendon structure and function: regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis.. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2005 Mar;5(1):5-21.
    pubmed: 15788867

Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Zhang G, Zhou X, Hu S, Jin Y, Qiu Z. Large animal models for the study of tendinopathy.. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022;10:1031638.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1031638pubmed: 36393858google scholar: lookup
  2. Janvier AJ, Pendleton EG, Mortensen LJ, Green DC, Henstock JR, Canty-Laird EG. Multimodal analysis of the differential effects of cyclic strain on collagen isoform composition, fibril architecture and biomechanics of tissue engineered tendon.. J Tissue Eng 2022 Jan-Dec;13:20417314221130486.
    doi: 10.1177/20417314221130486pubmed: 36339372google scholar: lookup
  3. Schulze-Tanzil GG, Delgado-Calcares M, Stange R, Wildemann B, Docheva D. Tendon healing: a concise review on cellular and molecular mechanisms with a particular focus on the Achilles tendon.. Bone Joint Res 2022 Aug;11(8):561-574.
    doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.118.BJR-2021-0576.R1pubmed: 35920195google scholar: lookup
  4. Thierbach M, Heyne E, Schwarzer M, Koch LG, Britton SL, Wildemann B. Age and Intrinsic Fitness Affect the Female Rotator Cuff Tendon Tissue.. Biomedicines 2022 Feb 21;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020509pubmed: 35203717google scholar: lookup
  5. Siadat SM, Zamboulis DE, Thorpe CT, Ruberti JW, Connizzo BK. Tendon Extracellular Matrix Assembly, Maintenance and Dysregulation Throughout Life.. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021;1348:45-103.
    doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_3pubmed: 34807415google scholar: lookup
  6. Gremlich S, Cremona TP, Yao E, Chabenet F, Fytianos K, Roth-Kleiner M, Schittny JC. Tenascin-C: Friend or Foe in Lung Aging?. Front Physiol 2021;12:749776.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749776pubmed: 34777012google scholar: lookup
  7. Girsang E, Ginting CN, Lister INE, Gunawan KY, Widowati W. Anti-inflammatory and antiaging properties of chlorogenic acid on UV-induced fibroblast cell.. PeerJ 2021;9:e11419.
    doi: 10.7717/peerj.11419pubmed: 34277144google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.