An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis) in a periurban area of Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil: clinical and epidemiological studies.
Abstract: From July 1984 to September 1986, 105 cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis were studied in a locality closely situated to an urbanized area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Settlement in this area was established at least 20 years ago but the first cases were noted six months prior to the beginning of this study. Cases were almost exclusively cutaneous and ulcerated, with one to six months of evolution. Montenegro's skin tests were positive in all cases and anti-Leishmania antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence test in 74.3% of the patients. Parasites were demonstrated in 69.5% of cases. Domestic animals were easily found infected: 32% of the examined dogs and 30.8% of the examined equines were positive to the presence of Leishmania in cutaneous ulcerated lesions. Parasite isolates from human, dog and equines were immunologically characterized and identified as L. b. braziliensis. 73.0% of the sandfly population were Lutzomyia intermedia mainly caught on human baits and on domestic animals. Our observations suggest that this is an area of recent established L. b. braziliensis infection and that transmission probably occurs indoors or outdoors close to the houses.
Publication Date: 1988-10-01 PubMed ID: 3271941DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761988000400006Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Clinical Examination
- Clinical Findings
- Clinical Pathology
- Clinical Signs
- Clinical Study
- Clinical Symptoms
- Disease control
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Etiology
- Disease Management
- Disease Outbreaks
- Disease Surveillance
- Disease Treatment
- Domestic Animals
- Epidemiology
- Infection
- Infectious Disease
- Parasites
- Public Health
- Veterinary Medicine
Summary
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This research article discusses an outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in a suburban area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1984 to 1986. The authors identify the type of Leishmania parasite involved, note the percentage of infected humans and domestic animals, and suggest that transmission likely occurs both indoors and outdoors, close to homes.
Study Overview and Timeframe
- The research was conducted from July 1984 to September 1986 in a periurban area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This area had been settled for at least 20 years, but the first cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis were only noted six months prior to the study.
Human Infection Rates and Symptoms
- During the study timeframe, 105 cases of the disease were studied. The majority of cases were cutaneous (skin-related) and ulcerated, with the condition lasting anywhere from one to six months.
- All cases tested positive to Montenegro’s skin tests, which check for an immune response to the Leishmania parasite. Moreover, indirect immunofluorescence tests detected anti-Leishmania antibodies in 74.3% of the patients. This test identifies if the patient’s immune system is responding to the presence of the parasite.
- Parasites were observed in 69.5% of the cases, further confirming the prevalence of Leishmania infection.
Domestic Animal Infections
- The study also examined domestic animals in the area, given that they can act as reservoirs for the disease. Around 32% of dogs and 30.8% of horses displayed ulcerated lesions that tested positive for the presence of Leishmania.
- The same species of Leishmania causing infection in humans (L. b. braziliensis) was identified in the domestic animals.
Vector and Transmission
- Sandflies, which are the transmission vector for Leishmania, were identified in the area, with 73% of the population identified as Lutzomyia intermedia. These flies were primarily found on humans and domestic animals, suggesting they likely act as the primary transmission vector.
- Based on their findings, the researchers suggested that the area is recently affected by L. b. braziliensis and that transmission likely occurs both indoors and outdoors, in close proximity to homes.
Cite This Article
APA
Oliveira-Neto MP, Pirmez C, Rangel E, Schubach A, Grimaldi Júnior G.
(1988).
An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis) in a periurban area of Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil: clinical and epidemiological studies.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 83(4), 427-435.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761988000400006 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Hospital Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan / analysis
- Brazil
- Disease Outbreaks
- Dog Diseases / parasitology
- Dogs
- Female
- Horse Diseases / parasitology
- Horses
- Humans
- Incidence
- Leishmania braziliensis / immunology
- Leishmania braziliensis / physiology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous / epidemiology
- Male
- Psychodidae / parasitology
- Skin Tests
Citations
This article has been cited 11 times.- Ortega-García MV, Salguero FJ, García N, Domínguez M, Moreno I, Berrocal A. Equine infection with Leishmania spp. in Costa Rica: Study of five cases.. Vet Med Sci 2021 Nov;7(6):2234-2239.
- Leonel JAF, Tannihão B, Arantes JA, Vioti G, Benassi JC, Brandi RA, Ferreira HL, Keid LB, Soares RM, Oliveira TMFS. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in blood samples of horses (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus asinus) by PCR.. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021;63:e12.
- Maggi RG, Krämer F. A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America.. Parasit Vectors 2019 Mar 28;12(1):145.
- Aksoy M, Doni N, Ozkul HU, Yesilova Y, Ardic N, Yesilova A, Ahn-Jarvis J, Oghumu S, Terrazas C, Satoskar AR. Pediatric Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region in Turkey: A Retrospective Analysis of 8786 Cases during 1998-2014.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Jul;10(7):e0004835.
- Oré M, Sáenz E, Cabrera R, Sanchez JF, De Los Santos MB, Lucas CM, Núñez JH, Edgel KA, Sopan J, Fernández J, Carnero AM, Baldeviano GC, Arrasco JC, Graf PCF, Lescano AG. Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peruvian Military Personnel Undertaking Training Activities in the Amazon Basin, 2010.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015 Aug;93(2):340-346.
- Truppel JH, Otomura F, Teodoro U, Massafera R, da Costa-Ribeiro MC, Catarino CM, Dalagrana L, Costa Ferreira ME, Thomaz-Soccol V. Can equids be a reservoir of Leishmania braziliensis in endemic areas?. PLoS One 2014;9(4):e93731.
- Vieira VP, Ferreira AL, Biral dos Santos C, Leite GR, Ferreira GE, Falqueto A. Peridomiciliary breeding sites of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Brazil.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Dec;87(6):1089-93.
- Jirmanus L, Glesby MJ, Guimarães LH, Lago E, Rosa ME, Machado PR, Carvalho EM. Epidemiological and clinical changes in American tegumentary leishmaniasis in an area of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis transmission over a 20-year period.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Mar;86(3):426-33.
- Pirmez C, Yamamura M, Uyemura K, Paes-Oliveira M, Conceição-Silva F, Modlin RL. Cytokine patterns in the pathogenesis of human leishmaniasis.. J Clin Invest 1993 Apr;91(4):1390-5.
- Davies CR, Llanos-Cuentas EA, Pyke SD, Dye C. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity.. Epidemiol Infect 1995 Apr;114(2):297-318.
- Knudsen AB, Slooff R. Vector-borne disease problems in rapid urbanization: new approaches to vector control.. Bull World Health Organ 1992;70(1):1-6.
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