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PloS one2018; 13(7); e0197898; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197898

An unexpected acoustic indicator of positive emotions in horses.

Abstract: Indicators of positive emotions are still scarce and many proposed behavioural markers have proven ambiguous. Studies established a link between acoustic signals and emitter's internal state, but few related to positive emotions and still fewer considered non-vocal sounds. One of them, the snort, is shared by several perrisodactyls and has been associated to positive contexts in these species. We hypothesized that this could be also the case in horses. In this species, there is a clear need for a thorough description of non-vocal acoustic signals (snorts, snores or blows are often used interchangeably) but overall this sound produced by nostrils during expiration has up to now been mostly considered as having a hygienic function. However, observations revealed that snorts were produced more in some individuals than in others, without relationship with air conditions. We observed 48 horses living in two "extreme" conditions: restricted conditions (single stall, low roughage diet) and naturalistic conditions (stable groups in pasture). The immediate place (e.g. stall/pasture) and the behavioural/postural (behaviour performed/ears positions) contexts of snort production were observed. We additionally performed an evaluation of the welfare state, using validated behavioural (e.g. stereotypies) and postural (e.g. overall ears positions) welfare indicators. The results show that 1) snort production was significantly associated with situations known to be positive for horses (e.g. feeding in pasture) and with a positive internal state (ears in forward or sidewards positions), 2) the riding school horses produced twice as many snorts when in pasture than in stall, 3) the naturalistic population emitted significantly more snorts than riding school ones in comparable contexts, 4) the frequency of snorts was negatively correlated with the composite total chronic stress score (TCSS, reflecting compromised welfare based on the horse's rank on the different indicators): the lower the TCSS, the higher the snort rate. Snorts therefore appear as reliable indicators of positive emotions.
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Publication Date: 2018-07-11 PubMed ID: 29995876PubMed Central: PMC6040684DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197898Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research studies the frequency and context of snort production in horses, suggesting the sound could act as a reliable indicator of positive emotions. The study found that snorts are more common in situations associated with positive experiences, and less common in horses under stress.

Objective and Methodology

  • The researchers aimed to investigate the acoustic signals produced by horses, particularly snorts, to see if they are indicative of positive emotions. They hypothesized that snorts, similar to other non-vocal sounds, could signify a horse’s positive emotional state.
  • The research involved 48 horses in two drastically different conditions: restricted living conditions (single stall, low roughage diet) and naturalistic conditions (stable groups in pasture).
  • They observed the behavioral and postural contexts of snort production, including the immediate environment where the snorts were produced (e.g. stall/pasture), and evaluated the horse’s welfare state.

Results

  • The results indicated that snort production was significantly associated with situations that are known to be positive for horses, such as being in a pasture or during feeding.
  • Snorts were more frequent in welfare-positive situations like when horses’ ears are in a forward or sideways position, signaling a positive internal state.
  • In different living conditions, riding school horses produced twice as many snorts when they were in the pasture than when they were in a single stall, indicating improved emotional state in the former environment.
  • Population emitting snorts was significantly higher in natural conditions compared to riding school environments. The frequency of snorts inversely correlated with chronic stress scores: horses with lower stress scores had higher snort rates.

Conclusion

  • The research suggested that snorts could indeed serve as reliable indicators of positive emotions in horses. Based on this study, horses produce more snorts in favorable situations and show decreased snort rate when under stress.
  • This finding presents a potential non-vocal acoustic signal for assessing horse welfare and emotion, improving our understanding of horse behavior and offering useful insights for better horse management and care.

Cite This Article

APA
Stomp M, Leroux M, Cellier M, Henry S, Lemasson A, Hausberger M. (2018). An unexpected acoustic indicator of positive emotions in horses. PLoS One, 13(7), e0197898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197898

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 7
Pages: e0197898
PII: e0197898

Researcher Affiliations

Stomp, Mathilde
  • Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6552 CNRS Ethologie Animale et Humaine, Université de Caen-Normandie, Station Biologique de Paimpont, Paimpont, France.
Leroux, Maël
  • Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6552 CNRS Ethologie Animale et Humaine, Université de Caen-Normandie, Station Biologique de Paimpont, Paimpont, France.
Cellier, Marjorie
  • Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6552 CNRS Ethologie Animale et Humaine, Université de Caen-Normandie, Station Biologique de Paimpont, Paimpont, France.
Henry, Séverine
  • Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6552 CNRS Ethologie Animale et Humaine, Université de Caen-Normandie, Station Biologique de Paimpont, Paimpont, France.
Lemasson, Alban
  • Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6552 CNRS Ethologie Animale et Humaine, Université de Caen-Normandie, Station Biologique de Paimpont, Paimpont, France.
Hausberger, Martine
  • CNRS, UMR 6552 Ethologie animale et humaine, Université de Rennes 1, Université de Caen-Normandie, Rennes, France.

MeSH Terms

  • Animal Welfare
  • Animals
  • Behavior, Animal / physiology
  • Female
  • Happiness
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Orchiectomy
  • Sound
  • Stereotyped Behavior / physiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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