FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of virology1991; 65(2); 1013-1018; doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.2.1013-1018.1991

Analysis of equine humoral immune responses to the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein (gp45) of equine infectious anemia virus.

Abstract: Defined segments of the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein (gp45) of equine infectious anemia virus were expressed as TrpLE fusion proteins and examined for their reactivity in Western immunoblots against a diverse panel of equine immune sera. The most immunogenic region of gp45 was localized to its amino terminus, positioned between the hydrophobic fusion and the transmembrane domains. A series of overlapping synthetic peptides were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to define an immunodominant epitope within this region. In contrast, the carboxy-terminal half of gp45 displayed both weak and variable immunoreactivity with equine immune sera.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1991-02-01 PubMed ID: 1846180PubMed Central: PMC239850DOI: 10.1128/JVI.65.2.1013-1018.1991Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the immune response of horses to the gp45 envelope protein of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The study found that out of the parts of gp45 analyzed, the area located at the beginning of the protein, between its fusion and transmembrane domains, aroused the strongest response from the equine immune system.

Study Methodology

  • The research involved using distinct segments of the gp45 envelope protein from the EIAV.
  • The segments were expressed as TrpLE fusion proteins. Fusion proteins are created through genetic engineering, combining properties of multiple proteins for analysis.
  • These proteins were then studied using Western immunoblotting against a varied panel of equine immune sera. This technique allows scientists to identify specific proteins within a complex sample based on their immune reactivity.

Key Findings

  • The most immunogenic area of the gp45 protein, meaning the region that elicits the strongest immune response, was found to be localized at the amino terminus. This is the starting end of the protein, positioned between the hydrophobic fusion and transmembrane domains.
  • To better define an immunodominant epitope within this highly reactive region, a series of overlapping synthetic peptides were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. An epitope is the portion of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody, while the assay in question is a common laboratory technique designed to measure antibodies in a sample.
  • The research found that the carboxy-terminal half of gp45, the end area of the protein, resulted in both weak and inconsistent immunoreactivity with equine immune sera. This suggests it is not a potent target for the equine immune system.

Significance of the Research

  • Understanding the immune response to various parts of EIAV assists in furthering knowledge about the virus itself, as well as potential vaccine targets.
  • This research points out immunodominant regions on the EIAV, which are crucial to consider in the development of effective vaccines or therapies.

Cite This Article

APA
Chong YH, Ball JM, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC, Rushlow KE. (1991). Analysis of equine humoral immune responses to the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein (gp45) of equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol, 65(2), 1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.65.2.1013-1018.1991

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 0022-538X
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 65
Issue: 2
Pages: 1013-1018

Researcher Affiliations

Chong, Y H
  • Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15261.
Ball, J M
    Issel, C J
      Montelaro, R C
        Rushlow, K E

          MeSH Terms

          • Amino Acid Sequence
          • Animals
          • Antibody Formation
          • Cell Membrane / ultrastructure
          • DNA, Viral / genetics
          • Equine Infectious Anemia / immunology
          • Genes, Viral
          • Horses / immunology
          • Immune Sera / immunology
          • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / genetics
          • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / immunology
          • Models, Structural
          • Molecular Sequence Data
          • Protein Conformation
          • Recombinant Fusion Proteins / immunology
          • Restriction Mapping
          • Viral Envelope Proteins / genetics
          • Viral Envelope Proteins / immunology

          Grant Funding

          • 1R01-AI25850 / NIAID NIH HHS

          References

          This article includes 34 references
          1. Samuel KP, Lautenberger JA, Jorcyk CL, Josephs S, Wong-Staal F, Papas TS. Diagnostic potential for human malignancies of bacterially produced HTLV-I envelope protein.. Science 1984 Nov 30;226(4678):1094-7.
            pubmed: 6208612doi: 10.1126/science.6208612google scholar: lookup
          2. Perryman LE, O'Rourke KI, McGuire TC. Immune responses are required to terminate viremia in equine infectious anemia lentivirus infection.. J Virol 1988 Aug;62(8):3073-6.
            pubmed: 2839723doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.8.3073-3076.1988google scholar: lookup
          3. Chong YH, Payne SL, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC, Rushlow KE. Characterization of the antigenic domains of the major core protein (p26) of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1991 Feb;65(2):1007-12.
            pubmed: 1702839doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.2.1007-1012.1991google scholar: lookup
          4. Gallaher WR, Ball JM, Garry RF, Griffin MC, Montelaro RC. A general model for the transmembrane proteins of HIV and other retroviruses.. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1989 Aug;5(4):431-40.
            pubmed: 2788443doi: 10.1089/aid.1989.5.431google scholar: lookup
          5. Samuel KP, Seth A, Zweig M, Showalter SD, Papas TS. Bacterial expression and characterization of nine polypeptides encoded by segments of the envelope gene of human immunodeficiency virus.. Gene 1988 Apr 15;64(1):121-34.
            pubmed: 2840344doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90486-6google scholar: lookup
          6. Norrby E, Biberfeld G, Chiodi F, von Gegerfeldt A, Nauclér A, Parks E, Lerner R. Discrimination between antibodies to HIV and to related retroviruses using site-directed serology.. Nature 1987 Sep 17-23;329(6136):248-50.
            pubmed: 3041232doi: 10.1038/329248a0google scholar: lookup
          7. Payne SL, Fang FD, Liu CP, Dhruva BR, Rwambo P, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Antigenic variation and lentivirus persistence: variations in envelope gene sequences during EIAV infection resemble changes reported for sequential isolates of HIV.. Virology 1987 Dec;161(2):321-31.
            pubmed: 2825406doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90124-3google scholar: lookup
          8. Payne SL, Salinovich O, Nauman SM, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Course and extent of variation of equine infectious anemia virus during parallel persistent infections.. J Virol 1987 Apr;61(4):1266-70.
            pubmed: 3029423doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.4.1266-1270.1987google scholar: lookup
          9. Burnette WN. "Western blotting": electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A.. Anal Biochem 1981 Apr;112(2):195-203.
            pubmed: 6266278doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90281-5google scholar: lookup
          10. Shane BS, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of equine infectious anemia virus p26 antigen and antibody.. J Clin Microbiol 1984 Mar;19(3):351-5.
            pubmed: 6325488doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.3.351-355.1984google scholar: lookup
          11. Kennedy RC, Henkel RD, Pauletti D, Allan JS, Lee TH, Essex M, Dreesman GR. Antiserum to a synthetic peptide recognizes the HTLV-III envelope glycoprotein.. Science 1986 Mar 28;231(4745):1556-9.
            pubmed: 3006246doi: 10.1126/science.3006246google scholar: lookup
          12. Orrego A, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC, Adams WV Jr. Virulence and in vitro growth of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia virus after serial passage in ponies.. Am J Vet Res 1982 Sep;43(9):1556-60.
            pubmed: 6293349
          13. Yelverton E, Norton S, Obijeski JF, Goeddel DV. Rabies virus glycoprotein analogs: biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.. Science 1983 Feb 11;219(4585):614-20.
            pubmed: 6297004doi: 10.1126/science.6297004google scholar: lookup
          14. Miozzari GF, Yanofsky C. Translation of the leader region of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon.. J Bacteriol 1978 Mar;133(3):1457-66.
            pubmed: 346574doi: 10.1128/jb.133.3.1457-1466.1978google scholar: lookup
          15. Chou PY, Fasman GD. Prediction of protein conformation.. Biochemistry 1974 Jan 15;13(2):222-45.
            pubmed: 4358940doi: 10.1021/bi00699a002google scholar: lookup
          16. Malmquist WA, Barnett D, Becvar CS. Production of equine infectious anemia antigen in a persistently infected cell line.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1973;42(4):361-70.
            pubmed: 4358259doi: 10.1007/BF01250717google scholar: lookup
          17. Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.. Nature 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680-5.
            pubmed: 5432063doi: 10.1038/227680a0google scholar: lookup
          18. Salinovich O, Payne SL, Montelaro RC, Hussain KA, Issel CJ, Schnorr KL. Rapid emergence of novel antigenic and genetic variants of equine infectious anemia virus during persistent infection.. J Virol 1986 Jan;57(1):71-80.
            pubmed: 3001367doi: 10.1128/JVI.57.1.71-80.1986google scholar: lookup
          19. Stephens RM, Casey JW, Rice NR. Equine infectious anemia virus gag and pol genes: relatedness to visna and AIDS virus.. Science 1986 Feb 7;231(4738):589-94.
            pubmed: 3003905doi: 10.1126/science.3003905google scholar: lookup
          20. Norrby E, Biberfeld G, Johnson PR, Parks DE, Houghten RA, Lerner RA. The chemistry of site-directed serology for HIV infections.. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1989 Oct;5(5):487-93.
            pubmed: 2480152doi: 10.1089/aid.1989.5.487google scholar: lookup
          21. Norrby E, Chiodi F, Whalley A, Parks E, Nauclér A, Costa CM, Torstensson R, Biberfeld G. Site-directed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a synthetic simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac peptide identifying antibodies against the HIV-2 transmembrane glycoprotein.. AIDS 1989 Jan;3(1):17-20.
            pubmed: 2469436
          22. Windheuser MG, Wood C. Characterization of immunoreactive epitopes of the HIV-1 p41 envelope protein using fusion proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli.. Gene 1988 Apr 15;64(1):107-19.
            pubmed: 2456255doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90485-4google scholar: lookup
          23. Penny D. Origins of the AIDS virus.. Nature 1988 Jun 9;333(6173):494-5.
            pubmed: 2453806doi: 10.1038/333494a0google scholar: lookup
          24. Gnann JW Jr, Nelson JA, Oldstone MB. Fine mapping of an immunodominant domain in the transmembrane glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus.. J Virol 1987 Aug;61(8):2639-41.
            pubmed: 2439707doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.8.2639-2641.1987google scholar: lookup
          25. Hussain KA, Issel CJ, Schnorr KL, Rwambo PM, Montelaro RC. Antigenic analysis of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) variants by using monoclonal antibodies: epitopes of glycoprotein gp90 of EIAV stimulate neutralizing antibodies.. J Virol 1987 Oct;61(10):2956-61.
            pubmed: 2442410doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.10.2956-2961.1987google scholar: lookup
          26. Parker JM, Guo D, Hodges RS. New hydrophilicity scale derived from high-performance liquid chromatography peptide retention data: correlation of predicted surface residues with antigenicity and X-ray-derived accessible sites.. Biochemistry 1986 Sep 23;25(19):5425-32.
            pubmed: 2430611doi: 10.1021/bi00367a013google scholar: lookup
          27. Rushlow K, Olsen K, Stiegler G, Payne SL, Montelaro RC, Issel CJ. Lentivirus genomic organization: the complete nucleotide sequence of the env gene region of equine infectious anemia virus.. Virology 1986 Dec;155(2):309-21.
            pubmed: 2431539doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90195-9google scholar: lookup
          28. Ratner L, Haseltine W, Patarca R, Livak KJ, Starcich B, Josephs SF, Doran ER, Rafalski JA, Whitehorn EA, Baumeister K. Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III.. Nature 1985 Jan 24-30;313(6000):277-84.
            pubmed: 2578615doi: 10.1038/313277a0google scholar: lookup
          29. Payne SL, Rushlow K, Dhruva BR, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Localization of conserved and variable antigenic domains of equine infectious anemia virus envelope glycoproteins using recombinant env-encoded protein fragments produced in Escherichia coli.. Virology 1989 Oct;172(2):609-15.
            pubmed: 2552661doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90203-1google scholar: lookup
          30. Ruegg CL, Monell CR, Strand M. Inhibition of lymphoproliferation by a synthetic peptide with sequence identity to gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.. J Virol 1989 Aug;63(8):3257-60.
            pubmed: 2526228doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.8.3257-3260.1989google scholar: lookup
          31. McGregor MJ, Flores TP, Sternberg MJ. Prediction of beta-turns in proteins using neural networks.. Protein Eng 1989 May;2(7):521-6.
            pubmed: 2748568doi: 10.1093/protein/2.7.521google scholar: lookup
          32. Gnann JW Jr, McCormick JB, Mitchell S, Nelson JA, Oldstone MB. Synthetic peptide immunoassay distinguishes HIV type 1 and HIV type 2 infections.. Science 1987 Sep 11;237(4820):1346-9.
            pubmed: 2888192doi: 10.1126/science.2888192google scholar: lookup
          33. Holland TC, Lerch RJ, Earhart K. The cytoplasmic domain of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein C is required for membrane anchoring.. J Virol 1988 May;62(5):1753-61.
            pubmed: 3357210doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.5.1753-1761.1988google scholar: lookup
          34. Rwambo PM, Issel CJ, Adams WV Jr, Hussain KA, Miller M, Montelaro RC. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) humoral responses of recipient ponies and antigenic variation during persistent infection.. Arch Virol 1990;111(3-4):199-212.
            pubmed: 2162160doi: 10.1007/BF01311054google scholar: lookup

          Citations

          This article has been cited 11 times.
          1. Nardini R, Autorino GL, Issel CJ, Cook RF, Ricci I, Frontoso R, Rosone F, Scicluna MT. Evaluation of six serological ELISA kits available in Italy as screening tests for equine infectious anaemia surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2017 Apr 14;13(1):105.
            doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1007-6pubmed: 28410613google scholar: lookup
          2. Bär S, Alizon M. Role of the ectodomain of the gp41 transmembrane envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in late steps of the membrane fusion process. J Virol 2004 Jan;78(2):811-20.
            doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.811-820.2004pubmed: 14694113google scholar: lookup
          3. Tencza SB, Islam KR, Kalia V, Nasir MS, Jolley ME, Montelaro RC. Development of a fluorescence polarization-based diagnostic assay for equine infectious anemia virus. J Clin Microbiol 2000 May;38(5):1854-9.
            doi: 10.1128/JCM.38.5.1854-1859.2000pubmed: 10790112google scholar: lookup
          4. Merat R, Raoul H, Leste-Lasserre T, Sonigo P, Pancino G. Variable constraints on the principal immunodominant domain of the transmembrane glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1999 Jul;73(7):5698-706.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.7.5698-5706.1999pubmed: 10364320google scholar: lookup
          5. Pancino G, Sonigo P. Retention of viral infectivity after extensive mutation of the highly conserved immunodominant domain of the feline immunodeficiency virus envelope. J Virol 1997 Jun;71(6):4339-46.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.6.4339-4346.1997pubmed: 9151822google scholar: lookup
          6. Sellon DC, Fuller FJ, McGuire TC. The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus. Virus Res 1994 May;32(2):111-38.
            doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90038-8pubmed: 8067050google scholar: lookup
          7. Bertoni G, Zahno ML, Zanoni R, Vogt HR, Peterhans E, Ruff G, Cheevers WP, Sonigo P, Pancino G. Antibody reactivity to the immunodominant epitopes of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus gp38 transmembrane protein associates with the development of arthritis. J Virol 1994 Nov;68(11):7139-47.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.11.7139-7147.1994pubmed: 7933096google scholar: lookup
          8. Pancino G, Camoin L, Sonigo P. Structural analysis of the principal immunodominant domain of the feline immunodeficiency virus transmembrane glycoprotein. J Virol 1995 Apr;69(4):2110-8.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.69.4.2110-2118.1995pubmed: 7884857google scholar: lookup
          9. Fontenot JD, Hoover EA, Elder JH, Montelaro RC. Evaluation of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus transmembrane peptides for serological diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 1992 Jul;30(7):1885-90.
            doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.7.1885-1890.1992pubmed: 1629349google scholar: lookup
          10. Ball JM, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Detailed mapping of the antigenicity of the surface unit glycoprotein of equine infectious anemia virus by using synthetic peptide strategies. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):732-42.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.2.732-742.1992pubmed: 1370556google scholar: lookup
          11. Perry ST, Flaherty MT, Kelley MJ, Clabough DL, Tronick SR, Coggins L, Whetter L, Lengel CR, Fuller F. The surface envelope protein gene region of equine infectious anemia virus is not an important determinant of tropism in vitro. J Virol 1992 Jul;66(7):4085-97.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.7.4085-4097.1992pubmed: 1318398google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.