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Scientific reports2014; 4; 4958; doi: 10.1038/srep04958

Analysis of horse genomes provides insight into the diversification and adaptive evolution of karyotype.

Abstract: Karyotypic diversification is more prominent in Equus species than in other mammals. Here, using next generation sequencing technology, we generated and de novo assembled quality genomes sequences for a male wild horse (Przewalski's horse) and a male domestic horse (Mongolian horse), with about 93-fold and 91-fold coverage, respectively. Portion of Y chromosome from wild horse assemblies (3 M bp) and Mongolian horse (2 M bp) were also sequenced and de novo assembled. We confirmed a Robertsonian translocation event through the wild horse's chromosomes 23 and 24, which contained sequences that were highly homologous with those on the domestic horse's chromosome 5. The four main types of rearrangement, insertion of unknown origin, inserted duplication, inversion, and relocation, are not evenly distributed on all the chromosomes, and some chromosomes, such as the X chromosome, contain more rearrangements than others, and the number of inversions is far less than the number of insertions and relocations in the horse genome. Furthermore, we discovered the percentages of LINE_L1 and LTR_ERV1 are significantly increased in rearrangement regions. The analysis results of the two representative Equus species genomes improved our knowledge of Equus chromosome rearrangement and karyotype evolution.
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Publication Date: 2014-05-14 PubMed ID: 24828444PubMed Central: PMC4021364DOI: 10.1038/srep04958Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study analyzed the genomes of a wild horse and a domestic horse to understand the variation and adaptive evolution of karyotype – the number and visual appearance of chromosomes in a cell. The researchers discovered that the process of rearrangement of genetic material is not even across different chromosomes. They also identified that specific types of genetic elements are significantly increased in these rearranged regions.

Study Methodology and Major Findings

  • The research utilized next-generation sequencing to develop quality genome sequences for a Przewalski’s (wild) horse and a Mongolian (domestic) horse. Both genomes were covered 93-fold and 91-fold, respectively. The segment of the Y chromosome was also sequenced in both the horses.
  • In the wild horse, they observed a Robertsonian translocation event – a re-arrangement of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes – between chromosome 23 and 24. This event was confirmed through similar sequences found on chromosome 5 of the domestic horse.
  • The researchers discovered four significant types of rearrangements – insertions of unknown origin, inserted duplications, inversion, and relocation. These rearrangements were not evenly distributed over all the chromosomes.
  • In particular, the X chromosome and some other chromosomes had more rearrangements than others. Among the rearrangements, the number of inversions was far less than the number of insertions and relocations in the horse genome.
  • The study found that the percentages of LINE_L1 and LTR_ERV1 (types of repetitive elements in the genome) were significantly increased in these rearrangement regions.

Significance of the Study

  • This research adds to our understanding of the genome of Equus species (genus that includes horses, donkeys, and zebras) by providing detailed insights into their chromosome rearrangement and karyotype evolution. As chromosome rearrangements play a crucial role in speciation and adaptation, the study’s findings are important in understanding both the past evolutionary history and potential future adaptations of Equus species.
  • The discovery that repetitive elements are much more prevalent in rearrangement regions might illuminate the mechanisms behind these genome rearrangements, and potentially suggest new avenues of research into genetic stability and change.

Cite This Article

APA
Huang J, Zhao Y, Shiraigol W, Li B, Bai D, Ye W, Daidiikhuu D, Yang L, Jin B, Zhao Q, Gao Y, Wu J, Bao W, Li A, Zhang Y, Han H, Bai H, Bao Y, Zhao L, Zhai Z, Zhao W, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Meng H, Dugarjaviin M. (2014). Analysis of horse genomes provides insight into the diversification and adaptive evolution of karyotype. Sci Rep, 4, 4958. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04958

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 4
Pages: 4958

Researcher Affiliations

Huang, Jinlong
  • 1] College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China [2].
Zhao, Yiping
  • 1] College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China [2].
Shiraigol, Wunierfu
  • 1] College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China [2].
Li, Bei
  • 1] College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China [2].
Bai, Dongyi
  • 1] College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China [2].
Ye, Weixing
  • 1] Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, 777 Longwu Road, Shanghai 200236, P.R. China [2].
Daidiikhuu, Dorjsuren
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Yang, Lihua
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Jin, Burenqiqige
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Zhao, Qinan
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Gao, Yahan
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Wu, Jing
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Bao, Wuyundalai
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Li, Anaer
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Zhang, Yuhong
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Han, Haige
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Bai, Haitang
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Bao, Yanqing
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.
Zhao, Lele
  • School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
Zhai, Zhengxiao
  • School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
Zhao, Wenjing
  • School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
Sun, Zikui
  • Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, 777 Longwu Road, Shanghai 200236, P.R. China.
Zhang, Yan
  • Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Washington Street, MC0477, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA.
Meng, He
  • School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
Dugarjaviin, Manglai
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P.R. China.

MeSH Terms

  • Adaptation, Biological
  • Animals
  • Biological Evolution
  • Computational Biology
  • Female
  • Genome
  • Genomics
  • Heterozygote
  • High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
  • Horses
  • Karyotype
  • Male
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Recombination, Genetic
  • Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
  • Y Chromosome

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