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Biomedical chromatography : BMC2026; 40(5); e70432; doi: 10.1002/bmc.70432

Analytical Challenges and Emerging Detection Strategies of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Horse Doping Control.

Abstract: Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) were originally synthesized to advance the understanding of the endocannabinoid system, facilitate disease research, and support the development of novel therapeutic agents. Compared with tetrahydrocannabinol, these compounds exhibit substantially higher psychoactive potency and enhanced receptor-binding affinity. The rapid and continuous evolution of SC derivatives presents significant challenges for analytical laboratories and increases the risk of misuse. Furthermore, SCs may be exploited to alter performance in both human and animal sports. The scarcity of comprehensive data regarding their toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and potential performance-enhancing mechanisms has made SCs a priority concern in recent years. This concern spans public health, forensic science, animal welfare, and sports integrity. This review examines the historical development, pharmacological properties, chemical characteristics, and physiological effects of SCs. It also presents an overview of sample preparation strategies and analytical methodologies applied to various biological matrices. Furthermore, it highlights the limited number of studies on the administration and detection of SCs in racehorses and offers a comprehensive assessment of future perspectives.
© 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2026-04-06 PubMed ID: 41937227DOI: 10.1002/bmc.70432Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article reviews the challenges of detecting synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) in horse doping control and discusses emerging analytical techniques for their identification.
  • It emphasizes the complexities posed by the evolving nature of SCs, their potent effects, and the scarcity of data on their use and detection in equine sports.

Introduction to Synthetic Cannabinoids (SCs)

  • Originally synthesized to understand the endocannabinoid system and develop new therapeutic drugs.
  • Exhibit much higher psychoactive potency than tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary active component of cannabis.
  • Have enhanced binding affinity to cannabinoid receptors, making them more potent.
  • The rapid evolution of SC variants complicates detection and increases risk of misuse.

Concerns Related to SCs in Sports and Animal Welfare

  • Potential misuse of SCs to manipulate performance in both human and animal sports, including horse racing.
  • Lack of comprehensive data on toxicity, pharmacokinetics (how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes the drug), and performance-enhancing mechanisms.
  • Issues extend beyond doping control to public health, forensic investigations, animal welfare, and maintaining integrity in competitive sports.

Review of SC Characteristics and Effects

  • Historical development: Tracking the creation and increasing diversity of synthetic cannabinoids over time.
  • Pharmacological properties: Highlighting effects on cannabinoid receptors and resulting physiological impacts.
  • Chemical characteristics: Description of chemical structures which are continuously modified to evade detection.
  • Physiological effects: Discussing the consequences of SC exposure on animals, including psychoactive and potential performance-altering effects.

Analytical Methodologies for Detection

  • Sample preparation strategies: Techniques for processing biological samples (e.g., blood, urine, hair) to isolate SCs.
  • Analytical techniques: Various methods such as chromatography and mass spectrometry used to detect and quantify SCs amid their structural diversity.
  • Challenges: The ever-changing structure of SCs requires constant updating of detection methods and reference standards.

SCs in Equine Doping Control

  • Limited number of studies focusing on SC administration and detection protocols in racehorses.
  • Need for tailored detection methods due to differences in metabolism and sample matrices compared to humans.
  • Emphasis on developing sensitive and specific assays to monitor SC use in horses to ensure fair competition and animal health.

Future Perspectives

  • Call for enhanced research to understand the pharmacokinetics and toxicology of SCs in horses.
  • Development of standardized, high-throughput analytical techniques to keep pace with emerging SC derivatives.
  • Potential implementation of routine screening protocols in horse doping control programs.
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration among chemists, veterinarians, toxicologists, and regulatory authorities to address the challenges posed by SCs.

Cite This Article

APA
Kabil E, Ural MN, Göktaş EF. (2026). Analytical Challenges and Emerging Detection Strategies of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Horse Doping Control. Biomed Chromatogr, 40(5), e70432. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.70432

Publication

Biomedical chromatography : BMC
ISSN: 1099-0801
NlmUniqueID: 8610241
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 40
Issue: 5
Pages: e70432

Researcher Affiliations

Kabil, Erol
  • Department of Pharmacology, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Ural, Mehmet Nihat
  • Department of Pharmacology, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Göktaş, Eylem Funda
  • Department of Pharmacology, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye.

MeSH Terms

  • Doping in Sports / prevention & control
  • Cannabinoids / analysis
  • Cannabinoids / chemistry
  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Substance Abuse Detection / methods
  • Humans

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