FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / Analytical Performance Evaluation of the New GEM® Premi...
Veterinary sciences2023; 10(2); 114; doi: 10.3390/vetsci10020114

Analytical Performance Evaluation of the New GEM® Premier™ 5000 in Comparison to the Epoc® Blood Gas Analyzer in Horses.

Abstract: Different blood gas analyzers are used in equine practice. Every machine needs to be validated, as they have not been designed for use in horses. The aim of this study was to compare the newly marketed GEM5000 machine to the formerly validated epoc machine for blood gas analysis in horses. In this prospective, non-blinded, comparative laboratory analyzer study, 43 equine blood samples were analyzed on both analyzers and values were compared between the two machines via Lin's concordance analysis, Passing-Bablok regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots. Duplicate measurements were conducted on the GEM5000 machine to evaluate precision. The GEM5000 failed to achieve the required precision for tHb, Hct and iCa, but achieved acceptable precision for all other parameters. Concordance correlation analysis revealed poor correlation for Na, Cl, iCa, K, Hct and tHb, while there was an at least moderate agreement for all other parameters. Passing-Bablok regression revealed significant constant bias for pCO, pO, Cl, and iCa and significant proportional bias for pCO, iCa and SO. Bland-Altman analysis revealed significant systematic bias for Na, Cl, iCa, K, Hct, tHb and SO. This study shows that while precision of the GEM5000 is good, values should not be used interchangeably with data obtained from other blood gas analyzers.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-02-03 PubMed ID: 36851418PubMed Central: PMC9966012DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020114Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examines the efficiency of the new GEM5000 blood gas analyzer, as compared to the Epoc machine, specifically for use on horses. The study discovered that while the GEM5000 machine demonstrated overall good precision, it is not suitable to be used interchangeably with other blood gas analyzers due to significant biases in analyzing certain parameters.

Research Methodology

  • The study was a prospective, non-blinded, comparative laboratory analyzer research, focusing on two different blood gas analyzers, the GEM5000 and Epoc.
  • 43 equine blood samples were used in this study in order to apply the comparative analysis.
  • The blood samples were analyzed on both machines and the values derived were compared using different analytical methods; Lin’s Concordance Analysis, Passing-Bablok Regression Analysis and Bland-Altman Plots.
  • Duplicate measurements were conducted specifically on the GEM5000 machine to further evaluate its precision.

Research Findings

  • The GEM5000 blood gas analyzer failed to reach the required precision for tHb (total hemoglobin), Hct (Hematocrit), and iCa (Ionized Calcium).
  • However, for all other parameters, the GEM5000 machine achieved acceptable precision.
  • The Concordance Correlation Analysis revealed poor correlation for certain parameters (Na – Sodium, Cl – Chloride, iCa – Ionized Calcium, K – Potassium, Hct – Hematocrit, and tHb – total Hemoglobin).
  • Poor correlation in this context means less agreement between the values derived from the GEM5000 and the Epoc machine for those specific parameters.
  • At least moderate agreement was found for all other parameters.
  • Passing-Bablok regression analysis discovered significant constant bias for pCO2 (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide), pO2 (Partial Pressure of Oxygen), Cl (Chloride), and iCa (Ionized Calcium) & significant proportional bias for pCO2 (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide), iCa (Ionized Calcium) and SO2 (Oxygen Saturation).
  • Bland-Altman analysis revealed a significant systematic bias for sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), ionized calcium (iCa), potassium (K), hematocrit (Hct), total hemoglobin (tHb), and oxygen saturation (SO2).

Final Conclusion

  • The final verdict of the study revealed that while the GEM5000 has overall good precision, results derived from it should not be used interchangeably with data obtained from other blood gas analyzers.
  • This advice stems from the significant biases observed in specific parameters when analyzed by the GEM5000 machine as compared to the Epoc machine.

Cite This Article

APA
Sandersen C, Dmitrovic P, Dupont J, Cesarini C, Guyot H, Serteyn D, Kirsch K. (2023). Analytical Performance Evaluation of the New GEM® Premier™ 5000 in Comparison to the Epoc® Blood Gas Analyzer in Horses. Vet Sci, 10(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020114

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
PII: 114

Researcher Affiliations

Sandersen, Charlotte
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
Dmitrovic, Petra
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Dupont, Julien
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
Cesarini, Carla
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
Guyot, Hugues
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
Serteyn, Didier
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
Kirsch, Katharina
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
  • German Olympic Committee for Equestrian Sports, 48231 Warendorf, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 31 references
  1. Bliskslager AT, Jones SL. Obstructive disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Reed S.M., Bayly W.M., Sellon C.D., editors. Equine Internal Medicine. 3rd ed. Elsevier Saunders; St. Louis, MO, USA: 1998. pp. 922–936.
  2. Stämpfli H, Oliver-Espinosa O. Clinical Chemistry Tests. In: Smith B.P., editor. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 5th ed. Elsevier Saunders; St. Louis, MO, USA: 2014. p. 362.
  3. Magdesian KG, Southwood LL. Monitoring. In: Southwood L.L., Wilkins P.A., editors. Equine Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2015. pp. 635–637.
  4. Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, López I, Bas S, Mayer-Valor R, Rodríguez M. Quantitative analysis of acid-base balance in show jumpers before and after exercise.. Res Vet Sci 2000 Apr;68(2):103-8.
    doi: 10.1053/rvsc.1999.0341pubmed: 10756125google scholar: lookup
  5. Andrews FM, Geiser DR, White SL, Williamson LH, Maykuth PL, Green EM. Haematological and biochemical changes in horses competing in a 3 Star horse trial and 3-day-event.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1995 Nov;(20):57-63.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb05009.xpubmed: 8933086google scholar: lookup
  6. Foreman JH, Waldsmith JK, Lalum RB. Physical, acid-base and electrolyte changes in horses competing in Training, Preliminary and Intermediate horse trials. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 2004;1:99–105.
    doi: 10.1079/ECEP200310google scholar: lookup
  7. Hinchcliff KW, Kohn CW, Geor R, McCutcheon LJ, Foreman J, Andrews FM, Allen AK, White SL, Williamson LH, Maykuth PL. Acid:base and serum biochemistry changes in horses competing at a modified 1 Star 3-day-event.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1995 Nov;(20):105-10.
    pubmed: 8933092doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb05015.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  8. Rose RJ, Ilkiw JE, Martin IC. Blood-gas, acid-base and haematological values in horses during an endurance ride.. Equine Vet J 1979 Jan;11(1):56-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1979.tb01300.xpubmed: 34511google scholar: lookup
  9. Rose RJ, Ilkiw JE, Arnold KS, Backhouse JW, Sampson D. Plasma biochemistry in the horse during 3-day event competition.. Equine Vet J 1980 Jul;12(3):132-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1980.tb03401.xpubmed: 7408834google scholar: lookup
  10. Viu J, Jose-Cunilleras E, Armengou L, Cesarini C, Tarancón I, Rios J, Monreal L. Acid-base imbalances during a 120 km endurance race compared by traditional and simplified strong ion difference methods.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):76-82.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00213.xpubmed: 21058986google scholar: lookup
  11. Williamson LH, Andrews FM, Maykuth PL, White SL, Green EM. Biochemical changes in three-day-event horses at the beginning, middle and end of Phase C and after Phase D.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1996 Jul;(22):92-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb05036.xpubmed: 8894555google scholar: lookup
  12. Kirsch K, Sandersen C. Traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base and electrolyte imbalances in horses competing in cross-country competitions at 2-star to 5-star level.. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Mar;34(2):909-921.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15708pmc: PMC7096635pubmed: 31985090google scholar: lookup
  13. Kirsch K, Detilleux J, Serteyn D, Sandersen C. Comparison of two portable clinical analyzers to one stationary analyzer for the determination of blood gas partial pressures and blood electrolyte concentrations in horses.. PLoS One 2019;14(2):e0211104.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211104pmc: PMC6377089pubmed: 30768603google scholar: lookup
  14. Bardell D, West E, Mark Senior J. Evaluation of a new handheld point-of-care blood gas analyser using 100 equine blood samples.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017 Jan;44(1):77-85.
    doi: 10.1111/vaa.12392pubmed: 28237685google scholar: lookup
  15. Elmeshreghi TN, Grubb TL, Greene SA, Ragle CA, Wardrop JA. Comparison of Enterprise Point-of-Care and Nova Biomedical Critical Care Xpress analyzers for determination of arterial pH, blood gas, and electrolyte values in canine and equine blood.. Vet Clin Pathol 2018 Sep;47(3):415-424.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12635pubmed: 29989207google scholar: lookup
  16. Westgard JO, Carey RN, Wold S. Criteria for judging precision and accuracy in method development and evaluation.. Clin Chem 1974 Jul;20(7):825-33.
    doi: 10.1093/clinchem/20.7.825pubmed: 4835236google scholar: lookup
  17. . Medicare, Medicaid, and CLIA programs; laboratory requirements relating to quality systems and certain personnel qualifications. Final rule.. Fed Regist 2003 Jan 24;68(16):3639-714.
    pubmed: 12545998
  18. Lin LI. A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility.. Biometrics 1989 Mar;45(1):255-68.
    doi: 10.2307/2532051pubmed: 2720055google scholar: lookup
  19. McBride GB. A Proposal for Strength-of-Agreement Criteria for Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient. National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd.; Hamilton, New Zealand: 2005. NIWA Client Report; HAM 2005-062.
  20. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.. Lancet 1986 Feb 8;1(8476):307-10.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8pubmed: 2868172google scholar: lookup
  21. Bland JM, Altman DG. Measuring agreement in method comparison studies.. Stat Methods Med Res 1999 Jun;8(2):135-60.
    doi: 10.1177/096228029900800204pubmed: 10501650google scholar: lookup
  22. Passing H, Bablok. A new biometrical procedure for testing the equality of measurements from two different analytical methods. Application of linear regression procedures for method comparison studies in clinical chemistry, Part I.. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1983 Nov;21(11):709-20.
    doi: 10.1515/cclm.1983.21.11.709pubmed: 6655447google scholar: lookup
  23. Matburger AC, Henke J, Hirschberger J, Matburger S, Henke W. Evaluation des tragbaren i-STAT®-Blutgasanalysegerätes im klinischen Einsatz beim Hund. Tierärztl Prax 2000;28:132–137.
  24. Kennedy SA, Constable PD, Sen I, Couëtil L. Effects of syringe type and storage conditions on results of equine blood gas and acid-base analysis.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Jul;73(7):979-87.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.7.979pubmed: 22738049google scholar: lookup
  25. Picandet V, Jeanneret S, Lavoie JP. Effects of syringe type and storage temperature on results of blood gas analysis in arterial blood of horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2007 May-Jun;21(3):476-81.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02993.xpubmed: 17552454google scholar: lookup
  26. Mion MM, Bragato G, Zaninotto M, Alessandroni J, Bernardini S, Plebani M. Analytical performance evaluation of the new GEM(®) Premier™ 5000 analyzer in comparison to the GEM(®) Premier™ 4000 and the RapidPoint(®) 405 systems.. Clin Chim Acta 2018 Nov;486:313-319.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.08.019pubmed: 30118673google scholar: lookup
  27. Krouwer JS, Tholen D, Garber C, Goldschmidt HM, Kroll MH, Linnet K, Meier K, Robinowitz M, Kennedy JW. Method Comparison and Bias Estimation Using Patient Samples. 2nd ed. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; Malvern, PA, USA: 2010. Approved Guideline.
  28. Hughes J, Bardell D. Determination of reference intervals for equine arterial blood-gas, acid-base and electrolyte analysis.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019 Nov;46(6):765-771.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.04.015pubmed: 31471125google scholar: lookup
  29. Taylor LE, Kronfeld DS, Ferrante PL, Wilson JA, Tiegs W. Blood-gas measurements adjusted for temperature at three sites during incremental exercise in the horse.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998 Sep;85(3):1030-6.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.1030pubmed: 9729580google scholar: lookup
  30. Bisson J, Younker J. Correcting arterial blood gases for temperature: (when) is it clinically significant?. Nurs Crit Care 2006 Sep-Oct;11(5):232-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1478-5153.2006.00177.xpubmed: 16983854google scholar: lookup
  31. Linnet K. Necessary sample size for method comparison studies based on regression analysis.. Clin Chem 1999 Jun;45(6 Pt 1):882-94.
    doi: 10.1093/clinchem/45.6.882pubmed: 10351998google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.