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Veterinary research communications2026; 50(5); 468; doi: 10.1007/s11259-026-11317-x

Anatomopathological aspects of osteoarticular lesions associated with Rhodococcus equi infection in two foals.

Abstract: Rhodococcus equi is an important bacterium that affects foals up to six months of age, especially those that are immunocompromised. The main manifestation is pyogranulomatous pneumonia; nevertheless, extrapulmonary lesions have not only been reported, but are not uncommon, including arthritis and osteomyelitis. Despite the widespread occurrence of rhodococcosis, the macro- and microscopic lesions in the musculoskeletal system are still poorly understood, and a detailed study is needed to better understand the pathogenic potential of the organism. The aim of this report is to present the anatomopathological aspects of bone and joint lesions associated with Rhodococcus equi in two foals. The first case was a two-month-old male Quarter Horse foal with suspected cervical trauma. This horse was admitted in lateral recumbency, semi-comatose, and with atlantoaxial region enlarged. Necropsy revealed atlantooccipital arthritis with pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis, resulting in pathologic fractures of the atlas. There was also pyogranulomatous pachymeningitis leading to compressive myelopathy. In the second case, a two-month-old Brazilian Sport Horse foal presented with lameness of the left pelvic limb and enlargement of the left femorotibial and femoropatellar and right scapulohumeral joints. Necropsy revealed femorotibial and femoropatellar arthritis and purulent osteomyelitis in the femur, as well as extensive necrosis and bone rarefaction with focal detachment of the epiphyseal plate. Both animals had pyogranulomatous pneumonia and lymphadenitis with extracellular and intracytoplasmic gram-positive coccobacilli in neutrophils and macrophages. In the first case, R. equi was isolated and confirmed by MALDI-TOF. R. equi infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of osteoarticular lesions in foals.
© 2026. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2026-07-20 PubMed ID: 42474557PubMed Central: 273751DOI: 10.1007/s11259-026-11317-xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Anatomopathological examination of two foals revealed that Rhodococcus equi infection can cause severe bone and joint lesions, including pyogranulomatous arthritis and osteomyelitis, alongside pneumonia and lymphadenitis.

Introduction and Background

  • Rhodococcus equi: A bacterial pathogen primarily affecting foals under six months old, especially those with compromised immune systems.
  • Main clinical presentation: Typically causes pyogranulomatous pneumonia, an inflammatory lung condition characterized by pus and granuloma formation.
  • Extrapulmonary lesions: Besides pneumonia, Rhodococcus equi can cause lesions outside the lungs such as arthritis (joint inflammation) and osteomyelitis (bone infection), though these are less commonly described.
  • Knowledge gap: Despite the pathogen’s widespread impact, detailed understanding of the macro- (visible to naked eye) and microscopic musculoskeletal lesions caused by Rhodococcus equi is limited.
  • Study goal: To provide a detailed anatomopathological description of bone and joint lesions associated with Rhodococcus equi infection in two foals.

Case Descriptions and Findings

  • Case 1:
    • Two-month-old male Quarter Horse foal presented with suspected cervical trauma.
    • Clinical signs included lateral recumbency (lying on one side), semi-comatose state, and enlargement of the atlantoaxial (upper neck) region.
    • Necropsy findings:
      • Atlantooccipital arthritis accompanied by pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis causing pathological fractures of the atlas (first cervical vertebra).
      • Pyogranulomatous pachymeningitis (inflammation of meninges) leading to compressive myelopathy (spinal cord compression).
  • Case 2:
    • Two-month-old Brazilian Sport Horse foal exhibiting lameness in the left pelvic limb and joint enlargement in both hind limb and right forelimb joints (femorotibial, femoropatellar, scapulohumeral).
    • Necropsy findings:
      • Arthritis in the femorotibial and femoropatellar joints along with purulent osteomyelitis in the femur.
      • Extensive bone necrosis, rarefaction (loss of bone density), and focal detachment of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate in bones).

Common Pathological Features in Both Foals

  • Presence of pyogranulomatous pneumonia indicating systemic infection.
  • Pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis (lymph node inflammation) was observed.
  • Histopathology revealed gram-positive coccobacilli located both extracellularly and inside neutrophils and macrophages, indicating active bacterial infection.
  • Rhodococcus equi was isolated and confirmed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the first case, confirming the bacterial etiology.

Implications and Conclusions

  • Rhodococcus equi infection is not limited to the lungs—it can cause severe musculoskeletal lesions, including arthritis and osteomyelitis in foals.
  • The bone and joint lesions may result in fractures, bone necrosis, and growth plate detachment, potentially leading to significant morbidity.
  • Given these findings, R. equi infection should be included in the differential diagnosis when assessing osteoarticular diseases in foals presenting with lameness, swelling, or joint abnormalities.
  • Improved recognition of the extrapulmonary manifestations of Rhodococcus equi can help veterinarians diagnose and manage infected foals more effectively.

Cite This Article

APA
Pastor FM, Barros SO, Campos LF, de Jesus Nascimento AE, Guimarães GH, de Souza Guimarães Filho CR, Torres LEC, de Lima PA, da Silveira Xavier AB, Silva ROS, Guedes RMC, Serakides R, Ecco R. (2026). Anatomopathological aspects of osteoarticular lesions associated with Rhodococcus equi infection in two foals. Vet Res Commun, 50(5), 468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11317-x

Publication

Veterinary research communications
ISSN: 1573-7446
NlmUniqueID: 8100520
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 50
Issue: 5
PII: 468

Researcher Affiliations

Pastor, Felipe Martins
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
Barros, Suzyane Oliveira
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
Campos, Letícia Fernandes
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
de Jesus Nascimento, Acácia Eduarda
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
Guimarães, Gabriel Henrique
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
de Souza Guimarães Filho, Carlos Renato
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
Torres, Luis Ernesto Campos
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
de Lima, Pâmela Aparecida
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
da Silveira Xavier, Andressa Batista
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
Silva, Rodrigo Otávio Silveira
  • Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
Guedes, Roberto Maurício Carvalho
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
Serakides, Rogéria
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
Ecco, Roselene
  • Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil. ecco@vet.ufmg.br.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Rhodococcus equi / isolation & purification
  • Actinomycetales Infections / veterinary
  • Actinomycetales Infections / pathology
  • Actinomycetales Infections / microbiology
  • Actinomycetales Infections / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / pathology
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Osteomyelitis / veterinary
  • Osteomyelitis / microbiology
  • Osteomyelitis / pathology

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethical statement: The authors confirm that the animals were treated with the veterinary standard of care. Since this was a case report, an animal institutional care committee was not required. The owners provided informed consent for their foals’ data to be used in this study. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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