Angiographic anatomy of the extracranial and intracranial portions of the internal carotid arteries in donkeys.
Abstract: In horses, the extracranial and intracranial pathway of the internal carotid artery has been described. The extracranial pathway of the internal carotid artery begins at the carotid termination and runs on the dorsal surface of the medial compartment of the guttural pouch. Thereafter the internal carotid artery passes through the foramen lacerum to continue intracranially, forming part of the rostrolateral quadrants of the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis). The objectives of this study were to define and record the anatomy of the carotid arterial tree and the internal carotid artery in donkeys using angiographic techniques. This is a prospective descriptive study on 26 cadaveric donkeys. Methods: Twenty six donkey cadavers of mixed, age, sex and use presented for reasons unrelated to disease of the guttural pouch were subjected to carotid and cerebral angiography using rotational angiography. Rotational angiographic and 3 dimensional multiplanar reconstructive (3D-MPR) findings were verified with an arterial latex casting technique followed by dissection and photography. Results: The following variations of the carotid arterial tree were identified: [1] the internal carotid and occipital arteries shared a common trunk, [2] the linguofacial trunk originated from the common carotid artery causing the common carotid artery to terminate as four branches, [3] the external carotid artery was reduced in length before giving rise to the linguofacial trunk, mimicking the appearance of the common carotid artery terminating in four branches, [4] the internal carotid artery originated at a more caudal position from the common carotid artery termination. Conclusions: Veterinarians should be aware that considerable variation exists in the carotid arterial tree of donkeys and that this variation may differ markedly from that described in the horse.
Publication Date: 2017-04-20 PubMed ID: 28439406PubMed Central: PMC5399326DOI: 10.1186/s13620-017-0090-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This study explores the anatomical pathway of the internal carotid artery in donkeys. The researchers carried out angiographic procedures on 26 deceased donkeys to document and understand the variations of the donkey’s carotid arterial tree, which could be significantly different from that of horses.
Methodology
- The researchers carried out this study on 26 donkeys of varying ages, sexes, and applications, all of whom had passed away due to reasons unrelated to the guttural pouch disease.
- A technique known as rotational angiography was used to perform carotid and cerebral angiography on the cadaveric donkeys. This is a radiographic technique that involves X-ray imaging of blood vessels using coated contrast agents.
- The researchers also utilized three-dimensional multi-planar reconstructive (3D-MPR) techniques to get a detailed view of the arteries and confirm their findings.
- To verify these findings, the researchers used an arterial latex casting technique. Post this, dissection and photography were utilized to establish a deeper understanding.
Findings
- Different variations were discovered in the carotid arterial tree of donkeys. Some of the notable variations found were:
- The internal carotid and occipital arteries shared a common trunk.
- The linguofacial trunk originated from the common carotid artery, splitting the common carotid artery into four branches.
- The external carotid artery was shortened before it gave rise to the linguofacial trunk, leading to an appearance that the common carotid artery ended in four branches.
- The internal carotid artery originated from a more caudal position from the termination of the common carotid artery.
Conclusion
- The study concludes that there is a significant variation in the carotid arterial tree of donkeys, which is markedly different from the anatomy described in horses. Considering this, veterinarians should be aware of these variations to effectively diagnose and treat ailments associated with this part of the donkey’s anatomy.
Cite This Article
APA
Khairuddin NH, Sullivan M, Pollock PJ.
(2017).
Angiographic anatomy of the extracranial and intracranial portions of the internal carotid arteries in donkeys.
Ir Vet J, 70, 12.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-017-0090-0 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor Malaysia.
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
References
This article includes 8 references
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