Antibody and cellular immune responses following DNA vaccination and EHV-1 infection of ponies.
Abstract: Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is the cause of serious disease with high economic impact on the horse industry, as outbreaks of EHV-1 disease occur every year despite the frequent use of vaccines. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are important for protection from primary and reactivating latent EHV-1 infection. DNA vaccination is a powerful technique for stimulating CTLs, and the aim of this study was to assess antibody and cellular immune responses and protection resulting from DNA vaccination of ponies with combinations of EHV-1 genes. Fifteen ponies were divided into three groups of five ponies each. Two vaccination groups were DNA vaccinated on four different occasions with combinations of plasmids encoding the gB, gC, and gD glycoproteins or plasmids encoding the immediate early (IE) and early proteins (UL5) of EHV-1, using the PowderJect XR research device. Total dose of DNA/plasmid/vaccination were 25 microg. A third group comprised unvaccinated control ponies. All ponies were challenge infected with EHV-1 6 weeks after the last vaccination, and protection from clinical disease, viral shedding, and viremia was determined. Virus neutralizing antibodies and isotype specific antibody responses against whole EHV-1 did not increase in either vaccination group in response to vaccination. However, glycoprotein gene vaccinated ponies showed gD and gC specific antibody responses. Vaccination did not affect EHV-1 specific lymphoproliferative or CTL responses. Following challenge infection with EHV-1, ponies in all three groups showed clinical signs of disease. EHV-1 specific CTLs, proliferative responses, and antibody responses increased significantly in all three groups following challenge infection. In summary, particle-mediated EHV-1 DNA vaccination induced limited immune responses and protection. Future vaccination strategies must focus on generating stronger CTL responses.
Publication Date: 2006-03-23 PubMed ID: 16549215DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.011Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- Non-P.H.S.
Summary
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This research study centred on the responses generated in ponies after immunization using DNA vaccines and the subsequent infection with Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). Despite efforts to arrest EHV-1 through vaccinations, the equine disease still causes considerable economic losses. The study aimed to test the potency of DNA vaccinations in eliciting immune responses and protective resistance in ponies against EHV-1.
Study Design
- Fifteen ponies were studied, divided evenly into three groups. Two groups were vaccinated with different DNA plasmid combinations. One group was given plasmids encoding the glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD of EHV-1, while the other was vaccinated with plasmids encoding the immediate early (IE) and early proteins (UL5) of EHV-1. The third group remained unvaccinated, serving as the control group.
- The DNA was delivered using PowderJect XR. After four vaccination sessions, the ponies were exposed to EHV-1 six weeks after the last vaccination.
- The researchers monitored the ponies for clinical symptoms of the disease, viral shedding, and viremia, which is the presence of virus in the blood.
Findings
- Virus-neutralizing and isotype-specific antibodies against EHV-1 remained unchanged in vaccinated ponies post-vaccination.
- However, the ponies that received DNA vaccines encoding glycoproteins showed specific immune responses to glycoproteins gD and gC.
- Both vaccinated and unvaccinated horses displayed signs of illness after being exposed to EHV-1.
- EHV-1 specific Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), proliferative responses, and antibody responses noticeably increased in all the three groups after infection.
- All in all, the DNA vaccination strategy induced limited immune and protective responses against EHV-1.
Implications
- The study’s results show that DNA vaccination partially stimulates immune reactions in ponies but does not offer substantial protection against EHV-1.
- These findings suggest the need to develop vaccination strategies that more effectively stimulate CTLs since they play a crucial role in battling both primary and recurring latent EHV-1 infections.
Cite This Article
APA
Soboll G, Hussey SB, Whalley JM, Allen GP, Koen MT, Santucci N, Fraser DG, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Lunn DP.
(2006).
Antibody and cellular immune responses following DNA vaccination and EHV-1 infection of ponies.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 111(1-2), 81-95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.011 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, 300W. Drake Rd., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / blood
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Genes, Immediate-Early / genetics
- Genes, Immediate-Early / immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections / virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
- Herpesvirus Vaccines / immunology
- Herpesvirus Vaccines / therapeutic use
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes / immunology
- Male
- Neutralization Tests / veterinary
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / virology
- Vaccination / methods
- Vaccination / veterinary
- Vaccines, DNA / immunology
- Vaccines, DNA / therapeutic use
- Viral Envelope Proteins / genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins / immunology
- Virus Latency / immunology
Citations
This article has been cited 9 times.- Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Outbreak of equid herpesvirus 1 abortions at the Arabian stud in Poland. BMC Vet Res 2020 Oct 6;16(1):374.
- Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry. Front Microbiol 2019;10:2668.
- Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Freer H, Wimer CL, Perkins GA, Raza F, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease. J Virol 2019 Nov 15;93(22).
- Hussey GS, Goehring LS, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, Huang T, Osterrieder N, Powell C, Hand J, Holz C, Slater J. Experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) induces chorioretinal lesions. Vet Res 2013 Dec 5;44(1):118.
- Soboll Hussey G, Hussey SB, Wagner B, Horohov DW, Van de Walle GR, Osterrieder N, Goehring LS, Rao S, Lunn DP. Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant. Vet Res 2011 Feb 7;42(1):23.
- Mealey RH, Stone DM, Hines MT, Alperin DC, Littke MH, Leib SR, Leach SE, Hines SA. Experimental Rhodococcus equi and equine infectious anemia virus DNA vaccination in adult and neonatal horses: effect of IL-12, dose, and route. Vaccine 2007 Oct 23;25(43):7582-97.
- Mealey RH, Littke MH, Leib SR, Davis WC, McGuire TC. Cloning and large-scale expansion of epitope-specific equine cytotoxic T lymphocytes using an anti-equine CD3 monoclonal antibody and human recombinant IL-2. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007 Jul 15;118(1-2):121-8.
- Giessler KS, Goehring LS, Jacob SI, Davis A, Esser MM, Lee Y, Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Hussey GS. Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. J Gen Virol 2024 May;105(5).
- Pusterla N, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross M, Osterrieder K, Soboll Hussey G, Lunn DP. Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1765-1791.
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