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Archives of virology1988; 98(3-4); 213-224; doi: 10.1007/BF01322170

Antigenic mapping of the envelope proteins of equine infectious anemia virus: identification of a neutralization domain and a conserved region on glycoprotein 90.

Abstract: Monoclonal antibodies (MCAbs) were used to dissect the antigenic sites of the surface glycoproteins of the prototype cell-adapted Wyoming strain of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Serologic reactivities of these MCAbs were determined by ELISA, additive ELISA, competitive ELISA, and Western blot assays. The results indicated that antigenic reactivity of gp90 was localized on at least four distinct epitopes, two of which were important in neutralization. Our studies also revealed that these epitopes were localized on overlapping antigenic sites on gp90. On the other hand, only two distinct non-overlapping epitopes were identified on gp45. Competitive binding studies of neutralizing MCAbs and reference EIA-positive horse serum delineated the presence of a neutralization domain on gp90 that appears to be immunodominant both in naturally infected horses and in mice immunized with EIAV. Limited proteolytic fragmentation of the gp90 component of several serologically distinct EIAV isolates produced common 12K immunoreactive fragments that contained a conserved epitope. These results indicate the occurrence of conserved antigenic regions on EIAV glycoproteins as well as a neutralization domain on gp90, which can be used as potential targets for vaccine development.
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Publication Date: 1988-01-01 PubMed ID: 2450529DOI: 10.1007/BF01322170Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the antigens present on the surface proteins of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Researchers used a variety of tests to understand the reactivity of these antigens and identified that the antigen reactivity was located in four distinct epitopes. These findings may be significant for developing vaccines against EIAV.

Objective of the Research

  • The primary objective of this study was to identify the locations of the antigenic sites – areas that can elicit an immune response – on the surface glycoproteins of EIAV.
  • Researchers aimed to determine whether specific elements on these glycoproteins could serve as potential targets for vaccine development.

Methods Used in the Study

  • The researchers performed multiple tests to pinpoint antigenic reactivity locations, including ELISA, additive ELISA, competitive ELISA, and Western blot assays using Monoclonal antibodies.
  • Competitive binding studies were conducted to outline the presence of a neutralization domain – a region that can neutralize the effect of the virus – on gp90.
  • Limited proteolytic fragmentation was carried out to identify common immunoreactive fragments and to find conserved epitopes.

Findings of the Research

  • The results of the tests revealed that the antigenic reactivity of gp90 was located within at least four distinct epitopes, two of which played a significant role in neutralizing the virus.
  • A neutralization domain was discovered on gp90, which appeared to be immunodominant both in naturally infected horses and in mice immunized with EIAV.
  • Analysis of proteolytic fragments of the gp90 component demonstrated that it contained a conserved epitope – an epitope that maintains its structure and characteristics across different virus isolates, hence can potentially serve as a reliable target for vaccines.

Significance of the Study

  • This research aids in increasing our understanding of EIAV protein structure and its interaction with the immune system.
  • The study’s findings point out the possible target areas on EIAV glycoproteins, such as a neutralization domain on gp90 and conserved antigenic regions, that can be exploited for vaccine development.

Cite This Article

APA
Hussain KA, Issel CJ, Schnorr KL, Rwambo PM, West M, Montelaro RC. (1988). Antigenic mapping of the envelope proteins of equine infectious anemia virus: identification of a neutralization domain and a conserved region on glycoprotein 90. Arch Virol, 98(3-4), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01322170

Publication

Archives of virology
ISSN: 0304-8608
NlmUniqueID: 7506870
Country: Austria
Language: English
Volume: 98
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 213-224

Researcher Affiliations

Hussain, K A
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge.
Issel, C J
    Schnorr, K L
      Rwambo, P M
        West, M
          Montelaro, R C

            MeSH Terms

            • Antibodies, Monoclonal / immunology
            • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
            • Antigens, Viral / immunology
            • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
            • Epitopes / immunology
            • Glycoproteins / immunology
            • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / immunology
            • Neutralization Tests
            • Viral Envelope Proteins / immunology

            Grant Funding

            • CA-38851 / NCI NIH HHS

            References

            This article includes 18 references
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            Citations

            This article has been cited 11 times.
            1. Costa VMD, de Aguiar Filho RN, Braz GF, Paz CFR, Drumond BP, Teixeira BM, Kroon EG. Equine infectious anemia in Brazilian equestrian tourism horses: serological, molecular, and biochemical assessment showing high EIAV seroprevalence and elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels. Vet Res Commun 2025 Nov 27;50(1):52.
              doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10993-5pubmed: 41307751google scholar: lookup
            2. Nardini R, Autorino GL, Issel CJ, Cook RF, Ricci I, Frontoso R, Rosone F, Scicluna MT. Evaluation of six serological ELISA kits available in Italy as screening tests for equine infectious anaemia surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2017 Apr 14;13(1):105.
              doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1007-6pubmed: 28410613google scholar: lookup
            3. Craigo JK, Montelaro RC. Lessons in AIDS vaccine development learned from studies of equine infectious, anemia virus infection and immunity. Viruses 2013 Dec 2;5(12):2963-76.
              doi: 10.3390/v5122963pubmed: 24316675google scholar: lookup
            4. Craigo JK, Ezzelarab C, Cook SJ, Chong L, Horohov D, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Envelope determinants of equine lentiviral vaccine protection. PLoS One 2013;8(6):e66093.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066093pubmed: 23785473google scholar: lookup
            5. Jin S, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Serological method using recombinant S2 protein to differentiate equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-infected and EIAV-vaccinated horses. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004 Nov;11(6):1120-9.
              doi: 10.1128/CDLI.11.6.1120-1129.2004pubmed: 15539516google scholar: lookup
            6. Mealey RH, Zhang B, Leib SR, Littke MH, McGuire TC. Epitope specificity is critical for high and moderate avidity cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated with control of viral load and clinical disease in horses with equine infectious anemia virus. Virology 2003 Sep 1;313(2):537-52.
              doi: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00344-1pubmed: 12954220google scholar: lookup
            7. McGuire TC, Tumas DB, Byrne KM, Hines MT, Leib SR, Brassfield AL, O'Rourke KI, Perryman LE. Major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from horses with equine infectious anemia virus recognize Env and Gag/PR proteins. J Virol 1994 Mar;68(3):1459-67.
              doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.3.1459-1467.1994pubmed: 8107209google scholar: lookup
            8. Sellon DC, Fuller FJ, McGuire TC. The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus. Virus Res 1994 May;32(2):111-38.
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            9. Xuan X, Horimoto T, Limcumpao JA, Takumi A, Tohya Y, Takahashi E, Mikami T. Neutralizing determinants of canine herpesvirus as defined by monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol 1991;116(1-4):185-95.
              doi: 10.1007/BF01319241pubmed: 1705789google scholar: lookup
            10. Perryman LE, O'Rourke KI, Mason PH, McGuire TC. Equine monoclonal antibodies recognize common epitopes on variants of equine infectious anaemia virus. Immunology 1990 Dec;71(4):592-4.
              pubmed: 1703988
            11. Ball JM, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Detailed mapping of the antigenicity of the surface unit glycoprotein of equine infectious anemia virus by using synthetic peptide strategies. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):732-42.
              doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.2.732-742.1992pubmed: 1370556google scholar: lookup
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