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Veterinary world2021; 14(7); 1815-1821; doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1815-1821

Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus-1 infection in horses causes a wide range of manifestations affecting the respiratory tract. The virus can cause serious economic losses through sporadic abortion in pregnant mares, perinatal death, respiratory disease in young foals. This study was designed to prepare inactivated equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine using both 0.005 M binary ethylenimine (BEI) and 0.0006% formaldehyde (FA) to decrease the use of BEI and provide a good immunological response. The efficacy, safety, and duration of immunity of the prepared inactivated EHV-1 vaccine were evaluated. Methods: The prepared FA/BEI-inactivated EHV-1 vaccine was adjuvanted with Alhydrogel and then evaluated by inoculation into guinea pigs, followed by comparison with the commercial inactivated EHV-1 vaccine. These two vaccines were evaluated by testing the safety and immunogenicity in horses classified into two groups. Group A was vaccinated with two doses of the prepared vaccine at a 4-week interval, while Group B was vaccinated with two doses of the commercial vaccine only. Anti-EHV-1 antibodies were detected in horse serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralizing test (VNT). Results: Regarding the time required to inactivate EHV-1 vaccine, this was decreased using 0.005 M BEI and 0.0006% FA from 24 to 8 h. ELISA in Group A horses demonstrated a significant increase in EHV-1 antibody titer at 2 weeks after the booster dose compared with that for the pre-booster one, from 485 to 855 antibody titer, which then peaked at 1240 in the 3 month post-vaccination; after that, it began to decline gradually until the 6 month. Meanwhile, in Group B, the ELISA reading increased from 420 to 790 and then peaked at 1215. The VNT mean in Group A increased from 1.1 to 2.5 within 2 weeks after administration of the booster dose, while in Group B it increased from 0.8 to 2.1. Moreover, ELISA in Group A pigs indicated mean antibody titers at the 3 week post-inoculation of 576 for Group A and 554 for Group B. Conclusions: The inactivated EHV-1 vaccine, with fewer chemicals, was prepared in a shorter time. It is safe and also more potent to protect horses for up to 6 months against EHV-1 infection than the commercially produced vaccine.
Copyright: © Warda, et al.
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Publication Date: 2021-07-15 PubMed ID: 34475703PubMed Central: PMC8404127DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1815-1821Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates a new method to prepare an equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine, aiming to decrease chemical use and increase potential immunity in horses for up to 6 months. This vaccine was inactivated by formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine and showed more potent protection against EHV-1 infection compared to a commercially produced vaccine.

Vaccine Preparation

  • The research team prepared an inactivated EHV-1 vaccine using formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine.
  • The team aimed to decrease the use of binary ethylenimine without diminishing immune response, hence the inclusion of formaldehyde in the vaccine preparation.
  • The vaccine was then adjuvanted with Alhydrogel to improve immune response.

Testing Methods

  • The newly prepared vaccine and a commercial one were compared using tests carried out on guinea pigs and horses.
  • Horses for test were split into two groups: Group A (received the newly prepared vaccine), and Group B (received the commercial vaccine).
  • Each group received two doses of their respective vaccines at a 4-week interval.
  • To measure the vaccines’ effect, researchers carried out an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Virus Neutralizing Test (VNT). These tests allowed them to track and evaluate the response of the animals’ immune system and its ability to neutralize the virus.

Results

  • The process of inactivating the EHV-1 vaccine with the combination of formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine reduced the required time from 24 to 8 hours.
  • Group A, which received the newly developed vaccine, showed a significant increase in EHV-1 antibodies.
  • For both groups, antibody increases peaked 3 months post-vaccination but the Group A’s antibody counts were consistently higher over time, indicating the new vaccine’s effectiveness.
  • In guinea pigs, higher average antibody counts were observed in Group A compared to Group B.

Conclusions

  • Overall, the study concluded that the formaldehyde/binary ethylenimine inactivated EHV-1 vaccine is potent, safe, and efficient. It requires less chemicals and less time to prepare than current vaccines.
  • Furthermore, it yields stronger protection against EHV-1 infection in horses for up to six months.
  • This new vaccine could potentially be used as an effective alternative to commercially produced vaccines for protecting horses against EHV-1 infection.

Cite This Article

APA
Warda FF, Ahmed HES, Shafik NG, Mikhael CA, Abd-ElAziz HMG, Mohammed WA, Shosha EA. (2021). Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine. Vet World, 14(7), 1815-1821. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1815-1821

Publication

Veterinary world
ISSN: 0972-8988
NlmUniqueID: 101504872
Country: India
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 7
Pages: 1815-1821

Researcher Affiliations

Warda, Fatma F
  • Agriculture Research Center, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Ahmed, Hala El Sawy
  • Agriculture Research Center, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Shafik, Nermeen G
  • Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka-Baida Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Mikhael, Christine A
  • Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka-Baida Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Abd-ElAziz, Heba M G
  • Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka-Baida Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Mohammed, Walaa A
  • Agriculture Research Center, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Shosha, Eman A
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Khargia- New Valley governorate, Egypt.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Ciapponi A, Berrueta M, P K Parker E, Bardach A, Mazzoni A, Anderson SA, Argento FJ, Ballivian J, Bok K, Comandé D, Goucher E, Kampmann B, Munoz FM, Rodriguez Cairoli F, Santa María V, Stergachis AS, Voss G, Xiong X, Zamora N, Zaraa S, Buekens PM. Safety of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2023 Jun 7;41(25):3688-3700.
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  2. Tombácz D, Maróti Z, Oláh P, Dörmő Á, Gulyás G, Kalmár T, Csabai Z, Boldogkői Z. Temporal transcriptional profiling of host cells infected by a veterinary alphaherpesvirus using nanopore sequencing. Sci Rep 2025 Jan 25;15(1):3247.
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