FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet World / Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by b...
Veterinary world2021; 14(7); 1815-1821; doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1815-1821

Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus-1 infection in horses causes a wide range of manifestations affecting the respiratory tract. The virus can cause serious economic losses through sporadic abortion in pregnant mares, perinatal death, respiratory disease in young foals. This study was designed to prepare inactivated equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine using both 0.005 M binary ethylenimine (BEI) and 0.0006% formaldehyde (FA) to decrease the use of BEI and provide a good immunological response. The efficacy, safety, and duration of immunity of the prepared inactivated EHV-1 vaccine were evaluated. Methods: The prepared FA/BEI-inactivated EHV-1 vaccine was adjuvanted with Alhydrogel and then evaluated by inoculation into guinea pigs, followed by comparison with the commercial inactivated EHV-1 vaccine. These two vaccines were evaluated by testing the safety and immunogenicity in horses classified into two groups. Group A was vaccinated with two doses of the prepared vaccine at a 4-week interval, while Group B was vaccinated with two doses of the commercial vaccine only. Anti-EHV-1 antibodies were detected in horse serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralizing test (VNT). Results: Regarding the time required to inactivate EHV-1 vaccine, this was decreased using 0.005 M BEI and 0.0006% FA from 24 to 8 h. ELISA in Group A horses demonstrated a significant increase in EHV-1 antibody titer at 2 weeks after the booster dose compared with that for the pre-booster one, from 485 to 855 antibody titer, which then peaked at 1240 in the 3 month post-vaccination; after that, it began to decline gradually until the 6 month. Meanwhile, in Group B, the ELISA reading increased from 420 to 790 and then peaked at 1215. The VNT mean in Group A increased from 1.1 to 2.5 within 2 weeks after administration of the booster dose, while in Group B it increased from 0.8 to 2.1. Moreover, ELISA in Group A pigs indicated mean antibody titers at the 3 week post-inoculation of 576 for Group A and 554 for Group B. Conclusions: The inactivated EHV-1 vaccine, with fewer chemicals, was prepared in a shorter time. It is safe and also more potent to protect horses for up to 6 months against EHV-1 infection than the commercially produced vaccine.
Copyright: © Warda, et al.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-07-15 PubMed ID: 34475703PubMed Central: PMC8404127DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1815-1821Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates a new method to prepare an equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine, aiming to decrease chemical use and increase potential immunity in horses for up to 6 months. This vaccine was inactivated by formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine and showed more potent protection against EHV-1 infection compared to a commercially produced vaccine.

Vaccine Preparation

  • The research team prepared an inactivated EHV-1 vaccine using formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine.
  • The team aimed to decrease the use of binary ethylenimine without diminishing immune response, hence the inclusion of formaldehyde in the vaccine preparation.
  • The vaccine was then adjuvanted with Alhydrogel to improve immune response.

Testing Methods

  • The newly prepared vaccine and a commercial one were compared using tests carried out on guinea pigs and horses.
  • Horses for test were split into two groups: Group A (received the newly prepared vaccine), and Group B (received the commercial vaccine).
  • Each group received two doses of their respective vaccines at a 4-week interval.
  • To measure the vaccines’ effect, researchers carried out an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Virus Neutralizing Test (VNT). These tests allowed them to track and evaluate the response of the animals’ immune system and its ability to neutralize the virus.

Results

  • The process of inactivating the EHV-1 vaccine with the combination of formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine reduced the required time from 24 to 8 hours.
  • Group A, which received the newly developed vaccine, showed a significant increase in EHV-1 antibodies.
  • For both groups, antibody increases peaked 3 months post-vaccination but the Group A’s antibody counts were consistently higher over time, indicating the new vaccine’s effectiveness.
  • In guinea pigs, higher average antibody counts were observed in Group A compared to Group B.

Conclusions

  • Overall, the study concluded that the formaldehyde/binary ethylenimine inactivated EHV-1 vaccine is potent, safe, and efficient. It requires less chemicals and less time to prepare than current vaccines.
  • Furthermore, it yields stronger protection against EHV-1 infection in horses for up to six months.
  • This new vaccine could potentially be used as an effective alternative to commercially produced vaccines for protecting horses against EHV-1 infection.

Cite This Article

APA
Warda FF, Ahmed HES, Shafik NG, Mikhael CA, Abd-ElAziz HMG, Mohammed WA, Shosha EA. (2021). Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine. Vet World, 14(7), 1815-1821. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1815-1821

Publication

Veterinary world
ISSN: 0972-8988
NlmUniqueID: 101504872
Country: India
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 7
Pages: 1815-1821

Researcher Affiliations

Warda, Fatma F
  • Agriculture Research Center, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Ahmed, Hala El Sawy
  • Agriculture Research Center, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Shafik, Nermeen G
  • Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka-Baida Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Mikhael, Christine A
  • Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka-Baida Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Abd-ElAziz, Heba M G
  • Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka-Baida Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Mohammed, Walaa A
  • Agriculture Research Center, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
Shosha, Eman A
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Khargia- New Valley governorate, Egypt.

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. MSD. Equine Herpesvirus Infection. New Jersey: MSD Animal Health; 2021.
  2. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Akana N, Barnett C, MacKenzie C, Gaughan E, Craig B, Chappell D, Vaala W. Prevalence factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in equids with upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological signs from 2008 to 2014.. Vet Rec 2016 Jan 16;178(3):70.
    pubmed: 26607427doi: 10.1136/vr.103424google scholar: lookup
  3. Mesquita LP, Arévalo AF, Zanatto DA, Miyashiro SI, Cunha EMS, de Souza MDCC, Villalobos EMC, Mori CMC, Maiorka PC, Mori E. Equine herpesvirus type 1 induces both neurological and respiratory disease in Syrian hamsters.. Vet Microbiol 2017 May;203:117-124.
    pubmed: 28619133doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.007google scholar: lookup
  4. Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, Wellington JE, Whalley JM. EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in vaccinated mares and their foals.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):41-6.
    pubmed: 16513181doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.007google scholar: lookup
  5. Barrandeguy M, Vissani A, Olguin C, Becerra L, Miño S, Pereda A, Oriol J, Thiry E. Experimental reactivation of equine herpesvirus-3 following corticosteroid treatment.. Equine Vet J 2008 Sep;40(6):593-5.
    pubmed: 19031515doi: 10.2746/042516408x333399google scholar: lookup
  6. OIE (Office of International des Epizooties). Manual of Standards Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines of Terrestrial Animals, Equine Rhinopneumonites. Ch. 12-18. France: Office of International des Epizooties; 2019.
  7. Nehal S.S.. Preliminary Trials for Production of Equine Viral Abortion Inactivated Vaccine. Egypt: Ph. D. Thesis Virology. Benha University; 2006.
  8. Salib A.F, Magda A.K, Hassan H.M, Said S.F. Using indirect ELISA and PCR for the diagnosis of equine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) infection in Egypt. J. Vet. Med. Res. 2016;23(1):117–124.
  9. van Rijn PA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Grobler M, Wright IM, Erasmus BJ, Maartens LH, Potgieter CA. Safety and efficacy of inactivated African horse sickness (AHS) vaccine formulated with different adjuvants.. Vaccine 2020 Oct 21;38(45):7108-7117.
    pubmed: 32921506doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.072google scholar: lookup
  10. Paillot R, Case R, Ross J, Newton R, Nugent J. equine herpes virus-1:Virus, immunity and vaccines. Open Vet. Sci. J. 2008;2(1):268–291.
  11. Wagner B, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Keggan A, Goodman LB, Glaser A, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V, Björnsdóttir S. Neonatal Immunization with a Single IL-4/Antigen Dose Induces Increased Antibody Responses after Challenge Infection with Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) at Weanling Age.. PLoS One 2017;12(1):e0169072.
    pmc: PMC5207648pubmed: 28045974doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169072google scholar: lookup
  12. Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Freer H, Wimer CL, Perkins GA, Raza F, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease.. J Virol 2019 Nov 15;93(22).
    pmc: PMC6819910pubmed: 31462575doi: 10.1128/jvi.01011-19google scholar: lookup
  13. Attili AR, Colognato R, Preziuso S, Moriconi M, Valentini S, Petrini S, De Mia GM, Cuteri V. Evaluation of Three Different Vaccination Protocols against EHV1/EHV4 Infection in Mares: Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Jun 1;8(2).
    pmc: PMC7350013pubmed: 32492841doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020268google scholar: lookup
  14. Huisman W, Martina BE, Rimmelzwaan GF, Gruters RA, Osterhaus AD. Vaccine-induced enhancement of viral infections.. Vaccine 2009 Jan 22;27(4):505-12.
    pmc: PMC7131326pubmed: 19022319doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.087google scholar: lookup
  15. Kapoor S, Sharma H, Singh M, Kumar P, Ranjan K, Kumari A, Khirbat R. Equine herpesviruses:A brief review. Adv. Animal Vet. Sci. 2014;2(2S):46–54.
  16. Safaa A.W, Hussin M.G. Immune response of horses vaccinated with tissue culture inactivated EHV-1 oil (Montanide ISA-70) adjuvanted vaccine. Egypt. J. Agric. Res. 2012;90(3):1309–1321.
  17. Skinner GR, Davies J. Efficacy of an inactivated vaccine for equine herpesvirus type 1 in a novel hamster model.. Intervirology 2000;43(1):27-35.
    pubmed: 10773735doi: 10.1159/000025020google scholar: lookup
  18. Tano Y, Shimizu H, Martin J, Nishimura Y, Simizu B, Miyamura T. Antigenic characterization of a formalin-inactivated poliovirus vaccine derived from live-attenuated Sabin strains.. Vaccine 2007 Oct 10;25(41):7041-6.
    pubmed: 17825459doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.060google scholar: lookup
  19. Fatma F.W, Maha R.A.E, Ibrahim M.M. Enhancing the BEI-inactivation rate of equine herpes virus-1 by formaldehyde. 8th Scientific Conferences of the Egypt Society for Animal Management at 23-27, August. 2016:30–45.
  20. Bahnemann HG. Inactivation of viral antigens for vaccine preparation with particular reference to the application of binary ethylenimine.. Vaccine 1990 Aug;8(4):299-303.
    pmc: PMC7173316pubmed: 2204242doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(90)90083-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  21. Coffman RL, Sher A, Seder RA. Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work.. Immunity 2010 Oct 29;33(4):492-503.
    pmc: PMC3420356pubmed: 21029960doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.002google scholar: lookup
  22. Magda A.K, Maysa H, Safaa A.W, Nehal S.S, Nashwa K.M, Heba E.G, Sohair E, Eman M.E. Prospective studies of equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy in Egypt 2012. Ippologia Anno. 2013;24(3-4):25–31.
  23. Magda A.K, Eman M.E, Nashwa K.M, Safaa A.W, Nehal S.S, El-Kabbany M.M.A, Soliman I.M.A, Magdi D.S, Deidra S.L, Emad M.E, Jeffrey A.T. Characterization of equine influenza virus H3N8 isolated in Egypt in 2008. Ippologia 2011;22(3):35–44.
  24. OIE (Office of International des Epizooties). Manual of Standards Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines of Terrestrial Animals, Equine Rhinopneumonites. 7th ed. France: Ch. 2-9. Office of International des Epizooties; 2012. pp. 889–998.
  25. Nashwa K.M, Eman M.E, Nehal S.S, Fatma F.Y, El-Kabbany M.M.A, Soliuman I.M.A. Duration of immunity induced by combined vaccine against equine influenza and equine herpes-1. Vet. Med. J. 2016;62(1):1110–1423.
  26. Reed L.J, Munech H. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1938;27(3):493–497.
  27. Farid A, Reda I, Moussa A.M, Daoud A. The effect of different chemical inactivators on the antigenicity and infectivity of FMD virus. J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1979;39(1):45–55.
  28. TYRRELL DA, VALENTINE RC. The assay of influenza virus particles by haemagglutination and electron microscopy.. J Gen Microbiol 1957 Jun;16(3):668-75.
    pubmed: 13439151doi: 10.1099/00221287-16-3-668google scholar: lookup
  29. Slater JD, Gibson JS, Field HJ. Pathogenicity of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of equine herpesvirus 1 in mice and specific pathogen-free foals.. J Gen Virol 1993 May;74 ( Pt 5):819-28.
    pubmed: 8388018doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-5-819google scholar: lookup
  30. SuGiura T, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Imagawa H, Kamada M, Ihara T. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for titration of antibodies to EHV-1. J. Equine Sci. 1997;8(3):57–61.
  31. Dalia N. Study the Effect of Different Adjuvants on Inactivated Equine Herpes Virus-1 Vaccine. Egypt: M. Sc. Virology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University; 2017.
  32. Hamdy A.E. Preparation of Inactivated EHV-1 with Different Adjuvants. Ph.D. Thesis. Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Alexandria University; 2016.
  33. Gomez K.A, Gomez A.A. Statistical Procedures for Agriculture Research. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc; 1984. pp. 95–109.
  34. Mumford JA, Bates J. Trials of an inactivated equid herpesvirus 1 vaccine: challenge with a subtype 2 virus.. Vet Rec 1984 Apr 14;114(15):375-81.
    pubmed: 6328729doi: 10.1136/vr.114.15.375google scholar: lookup
  35. Di Francesco CE, Smoglica C, De Amicis I, Cafini F, Carluccio A, Contri A. Evaluation of Colostral Immunity Against Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) in Martina Franca's Foals.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:579371.
    pmc: PMC7732414pubmed: 33330699doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.579371google scholar: lookup
  36. Stills HF Jr. Adjuvants and antibody production: dispelling the myths associated with Freund's complete and other adjuvants.. ILAR J 2005;46(3):280-93.
    pubmed: 15953835doi: 10.1093/ilar.46.3.280google scholar: lookup
  37. Guo PX, Goebel S, Davis S, Perkus ME, Languet B, Desmettre P, Allen G, Paoletti E. Expression in recombinant vaccinia virus of the equine herpesvirus 1 gene encoding glycoprotein gp13 and protection of immunized animals.. J Virol 1989 Oct;63(10):4189-98.
    pmc: PMC251033pubmed: 2550665doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.10.4189-4198.1989google scholar: lookup
  38. Delrue I, Verzele D, Madder A, Nauwynck HJ. Inactivated virus vaccines from chemistry to prophylaxis: merits, risks and challenges.. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012 Jun;11(6):695-719.
    pubmed: 22873127doi: 10.1586/erv.12.38google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Ciapponi A, Berrueta M, P K Parker E, Bardach A, Mazzoni A, Anderson SA, Argento FJ, Ballivian J, Bok K, Comandé D, Goucher E, Kampmann B, Munoz FM, Rodriguez Cairoli F, Santa María V, Stergachis AS, Voss G, Xiong X, Zamora N, Zaraa S, Buekens PM. Safety of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2023 Jun 7;41(25):3688-3700.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.038pubmed: 37012114google scholar: lookup
  2. Tombácz D, Maróti Z, Oláh P, Dörmő Á, Gulyás G, Kalmár T, Csabai Z, Boldogkői Z. Temporal transcriptional profiling of host cells infected by a veterinary alphaherpesvirus using nanopore sequencing. Sci Rep 2025 Jan 25;15(1):3247.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-87536-0pubmed: 39863683google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.