FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica2015; 57(1); 30; doi: 10.1186/s13028-015-0120-4

Application of the ASVCP guidelines for the establishment of haematologic and biochemical reference intervals in Icelandic horses in Austria.

Abstract: Despite the increasing popularity of Icelandic horses, published reference intervals (RIs) in this breed are rare. Due to their isolation and their small gene pool, alterations in some variables are likely and some possible breed-specific peculiarities have been described. The purpose of the present study was the establishment of comprehensive RIs in Icelandic horses according to recently published guidelines. In a prospective observational study, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 142 Icelandic horses into EDTA and serum tubes. Reference intervals were established for haematologic and biochemical analytes on the Advia 2120i™ and the Dimension ExL™ by established methods. RIs were defined as central 95 % intervals bounded by the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles with their 90 % confidence intervals, calculated according to recently published ASVCP guidelines. An inhouse-developed quality control system using observed total allowable error was used for the surveillance of the internal quality control preceding the measurements. Results: The RIs were as follows: haematocrit: 0.29-0.39, RBC: 5.79-8.63 T/l, haemoglobin: 102.0-142.3 g/l, MCV: 42-51 fl, platelets: 146-263 G/l, WBC: 4.13-8.57 G/l, segs: 1.98-4.73 G/l, lymphocytes: 1.25-3.49 G/l, monocytes: 0.06-0.31 G/l, eosinophils: 0.04-0.50 G/l, glucose: 4.0-5.7 mmol/l, urea: 3.2-6.4 mmol/l, creatinine: 79.6-141.4 μmol/l, total protein: 54.4-72.9 g/l, albumin: 27.7-36.8 g/l, total bilirubin: 8.1-21.1 μmol/l, triglycerides: 0.03-0.44 mmol/l, cholesterol: 1.75-2.90 mmol/l, ALP: 1.35-3.55 μkat/l, AST: 4.52-8.80 μkat/l, GLDH: 0.0-0.18 μkat/l, GGT: 0.11-0.39 μkat/l, CK: 2.53-6.52 μkat/l, LDH: 3.32-7.95 μkat/l, iron: 16.4-39.9 μmol/l, calcium: 2.69-3.19 mmol/l, phosphate: 0.5-1.3 mmol/l, magnesium: 0.6-0.9 mmol/l, sodium: 134-141 mmol/l, potassium: 3.6-4.7 mmol/l, chloride: 100-105 mmol/l. Conclusions: Reference intervals of several haematologic and biochemical analytes differed from the transferred historical reference intervals applied to equine samples in the authors' laboratory. These might be of clinical importance in some analytes such as creatine kinase.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2015-06-14 PubMed ID: 26070944PubMed Central: PMC4466868DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0120-4Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper focuses on establishing comprehensive reference intervals (RIs) for various haematologic and biochemical analytes in Icelandic horses using newly published guidelines.

Objective of the Study

The research aims at establishing the haematologic and biochemical reference intervals specific to Icelandic horses. The need for this research was triggered by:

  • The increasing popularity of Icelandic horses, and;
  • The paucity of published reference intervals (RIs) for this breed, despite some previously documented breed-specific peculiarities.

Methodology of the Study

The study used a prospective observational methodology. Researchers:

  • Collected blood samples from the jugular vein of 142 Icelandic horses into Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and serum tubes;
  • Performed established tests on the Advia 2120i™ and the Dimension ExL™;
  • Defined reference intervals as central 95% intervals bounded by the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles along with their 90% confidence intervals;
  • Followed the latest guidelines published by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) for calculation;
  • Monitored the quality of the tests using an in-house developed quality control system.

Results of the Study

The research resulted in defining reference intervals for various haematologic and biochemical analytes in Icelandic horses. These include:

  • Haematologic analytes: haematocrit, red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets, white blood cells (WBC), segmented neutrophils (segs), lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils;
  • Biochemical analytes: glucose, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, triglycerides, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), iron, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride.

Conclusion of the Study

The findings revealed that the reference intervals for certain haematologic and biochemical analytes were different from the traditional reference intervals used for equine samples in the authors’ laboratory. The difference might have clinical importance in some cases, such as with creatine kinase. These findings emphasize the need for breed-specific reference intervals in the medical evaluation of horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Leidinger EF, Leidinger J, Figl J, Rumpler B, Schwendenwein I. (2015). Application of the ASVCP guidelines for the establishment of haematologic and biochemical reference intervals in Icelandic horses in Austria. Acta Vet Scand, 57(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-015-0120-4

Publication

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica
ISSN: 1751-0147
NlmUniqueID: 0370400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 57
Issue: 1
Pages: 30

Researcher Affiliations

Leidinger, Ernst F
  • In Vitro Veterinary Laboratories, Rennweg 95, 1030, Vienna, Austria. ernst.leidinger@invitro.at.
Leidinger, Judith
  • In Vitro Veterinary Laboratories, Rennweg 95, 1030, Vienna, Austria. judith.leidinger@invitro.at.
Figl, Julia
  • In Vitro Veterinary Laboratories, Rennweg 95, 1030, Vienna, Austria. juliafigl@gmx.net.
Rumpler, Bettina
  • Tierärztliche Praxis, Heiligenbrunnerg. 19, 7221, Marz, Austria. office@tierarzt-marz.at.
Schwendenwein, Ilse
  • Clinical Pathology Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria. ilse.schwendenwein@vetmeduni.ac.at.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Austria
  • Blood Chemical Analysis / standards
  • Blood Chemical Analysis / veterinary
  • Female
  • Guidelines as Topic
  • Hematologic Tests / standards
  • Hematologic Tests / veterinary
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Prospective Studies
  • Reference Values

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. Kristjansson T, Bjornsdottir S, Sigurdsson A, Crevier-Denoix N, Pourcelot P, Arnason T. Objective quantification of conformation of the Icelandic horse based on 3-D video morphometric measurements. Livest Sci 2013;158:12–23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.09.019google scholar: lookup
  2. Björnsson GB, Sveinsson HJ. The Icelandic horse. 2. Reykjavik: Edda Publishing; 2007. pp. 20–33.
  3. Lorange JB. WorldFengur: The studbook of origin on the Icelandic horse. WF Meeting Malmö. 2013.
  4. Petersen J. Genome-wide analysis reveals selection for important traits in domestic horse breeds. PLSO Genet 2013.
    pmc: PMC3547851pubmed: 23349635doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003211google scholar: lookup
  5. Gieseler T. Referenzwerte beim Pferd. Leipzig: Disseration, Vet Med Leipzig, Leipzig; 2012.
  6. Grimminger-Heigl G. Referenzbereiche in der Labordiagnostik beim Pferd (Blutglukose, Gesamteiweiß, CK, AST, AP, LDH, α-HBDH, G-GT, GLDH). Munich: Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilian University; 1993.
  7. Mayer J. Referenzbereiche in der Hämatologie beim Pferd. Munich: Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilian University; 1994.
  8. Lumsden JH, Rowe R, Mullen K. Hematology and biochemistry reference values for the light horse. Can J Comp Med 1980;44:32–42.
    pmc: PMC1320032pubmed: 7397597
  9. Takasu M, Nagatani N, Tozaki T, Kakaoi H, Maeda M, Murase T. Hematological and biochemical reference values for the endangered Kiso horse. J Equine Sci 2013;24:75–8.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.24.75pmc: PMC4013988pubmed: 24834006google scholar: lookup
  10. Klingelhöfer K. Muskelenzymaktivitäten (AST, CK, LDH) und Laktatgehalte beim Islandpferd. Ein Beitrag zur Referenzbereichsdiskussion. Munich: Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilian University; 1998.
  11. Unkel M. Die Aktivität der Enzyme GOT (AST), CK, γ-GT, LDH und GPT (ALT) im Blutserum von Islandpferden. Tierarztl Umsch 1984;39:697–702.
  12. Unkel M. Die Konzentration von Gesamteiweiß, Harnstoff, Triglyzeriden, Gesamtbilirubin und Cholesterin im Blutserum von Islandpferden. Tierarztl Umsch 1984;39:781–90.
  13. Unkel M. Die Konzentration von Kalium, Kalzium, Magnesium, Natrium und anorganischem Phosphat im Blutserum von Islandpferden. Tierarztl Umsch 1984;39:989–94.
  14. ASVCP Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards Committee (QALS). Guidelines for the determination of reference intervals (RI) in veterinary species. http://www.asvcp.org/pubs/qas/index.cfm Guidelines For ASVCP website.pdf (2011). Accessed 21 May 2015.
  15. Friedrichs KR, Harr KE, Freeman KP, Szladovits B, Walton RM, Barnhart KF. ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics. Vet Clin Pathol 2012;41:441–53.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12006pubmed: 23240820google scholar: lookup
  16. Giordano A, Rossi G, Pieralisi C, Paltrinieri S. Evaluation of equine hemograms using the ADVIA 120 as compared with an impedance counter and manual differential count. Vet Clin Pathol 2008;37:21–30.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00012.xpubmed: 18366541google scholar: lookup
  17. Hooijberg EH, Leidinger EF, Schwendenwein I. Comparison of total allowable and total observed error for two chemistry analysers. Copenhagen: ISACP Proceedings; 2014.
  18. Nabity MB, Camus MS, Harr KE, Flatland B, Freeman K, Vap LM. Determination of allowable total error for hematology and coagulation measurands. Vet Clin Pathol 2014;42(Suppl 4):E1–19.
  19. Harr KE, Flatland B, Nabity M, Freeman KP. ASVCP guidelines: allowable total error guidelines for biochemistry. Vet Clin Pathol 2013;42:424–36.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12101pubmed: 24320779google scholar: lookup
  20. Geffré A, Concordet D, Braun J-P, Trumel C. Reference value advisor: a new freeware set of macroinstructions to calculate reference intervals with Microsoft Excel. Vet Clin Pathol 2011;40:107–12.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2011.00287.xpubmed: 21366659google scholar: lookup
  21. Horowitz GL, Boyd JC, Ceriotti F, Garg U, Altaie S, Pesce A. Defining, establishing, and verifying reference intervals in the clinical laboratory; proposed guideline. 3. USA: CLSI Document C28-P3; 2008.
  22. Seiser M, Strasser A, Hofbauer B. Der Einfluss von Alter und Geschlecht auf diagnostisch wesentliche Blutparameter bei Islandpferden. Tierarztl Umsch 2001;29:324–31.
  23. Árnason T, Sigurðsson Á, Lorange JB. International genetic evaluations of the Icelandic horse and genetic connectedness between countries. 8th Word Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. August 13–18. 2006. http://www.feiffengur.com/documents/WorldFengur_JBL.pdf. Accessed 21 May 2015.
  24. Geffré A, Friedrichs K, Harr K, Concordet D, Trumel C, Braun J-P. Reference values: a review. Vet Clin Pathol 2009;38:288–98.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00179.xpubmed: 19737162google scholar: lookup
  25. Sharkey L, Gjevre K, Hegstad-Davies R, Torres S, Munoz-Zanzi C. Breed-associated variability in serum biochemical analytes in four large-breed dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2009;38:375–80.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00134.xpubmed: 19351336google scholar: lookup
  26. Satué K, Muñoz A, Gardón JC. Interpretation of alterations in the horse erythrogram. J Hematol Res 2014;1:1–10.
    doi: 10.12974/2312-5411.2014.01.01.1google scholar: lookup
  27. Mayer J. Hämatologische Referenzwerte bei Pferden. Munich: Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilian University; 1994.
  28. Jones AR, Twedt D, Hellman R. Absolute versus proportional differential leucocyte counts. Clin Lab Haematol 1995;17:115–23.
    pubmed: 8536413
  29. Etzell JE. For WBC differentials, report absolute numbers. 2010. http://www.captodayonline.com/Archives/0310/0310d_for_wbc_differentials.html. Accessed 21 May 2015.
  30. Schwarz BC, van den Hoven R, Schwendenwein I. Diagnostic value of the neutrophil myeloperoxidase index in horses with systemic inflammation. Vet J 2012;191:72–8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.010pubmed: 21262582google scholar: lookup
  31. Hooijberg EH, van den Hoven R, Tichy A, Schwendenwein I. Diagnostic and predictive capability of routine laboratory tests for the diagnosis and staging of equine inflammatory disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014;28:1587–93.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12404pmc: PMC4895560pubmed: 25056342google scholar: lookup
  32. Leidinger E, Prechtl G, Figl J, Leidinger J. Monocytes in Icelandic horses: comparison between automatic gating by the Advia 2120i, a manual gating method, and microscopic differentiation. Comp Clin Path 2015.
    doi: 10.1007/s00580-015-2080-5google scholar: lookup
  33. Stockham SL, Scott MA. Monovalent electrolytes and osmolarity. In: Stockham SL, Scott MA, editors. Fundamentals of veterinary clinical pathology. Ames Iowa: Blackwell publishing; 2008. p. 514.
  34. Stefánsdóttir GJ, Ragnarsson S, Gunnarsson V, Jansson A. Physiological response to a breed evaluation field test in Icelandic horses. Animal 2014;8:431–9.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731113002309pmc: PMC3942816pubmed: 24387835google scholar: lookup
  35. Coenen M, Vervuert I, Braun S. Leber- und Muskelenzymaktivitäten von Islandpferden in Island und nach Import in Deutschland – 2. Mitteilung. Pferdeheilkunde 2004;20:31–6.
  36. Brancaccio P, Nicola Maffulli N, Limongelli FM. Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. Br Med Bull 2007;81 and 82:209–30.
    doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldm014pubmed: 17569697google scholar: lookup
  37. Hatzipanagiotou A, Lindner A, Sommer H. LDH und CK Isoenzymmuster im Blutplasma von Pferden mit erhöhten CK, LDH und AST-Aktivitäten. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1991;98:284–6.
    pubmed: 1914950
  38. Remaley AT, Wilding P. Macroenzymes: biochemical characterization, clinical significance, and laboratory detection. Clin Chem 1989;35:2261–70.
    pubmed: 2686862

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Pires MJ, Cotovio M, Queiroga F, Pires CA, Silvestre-Ferreira AC. Reference Intervals for Biochemical Analytes in Clinically Healthy Adult Lusitano Horses. Vet Sci 2025 Jul 11;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12070656pubmed: 40711317google scholar: lookup
  2. Oddsdóttir C, Jónsdóttir HK, Sturludóttir E, Vilanova XM. The Effect of Repeated Blood Harvesting from Pregnant Mares on Haematological Variables. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 28;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14050745pubmed: 38473131google scholar: lookup
  3. Oddsdóttir C, Jónsdóttir HK, Sturludóttir E. Haematological reference intervals for pregnant Icelandic mares on pasture. Acta Vet Scand 2023 Dec 15;65(1):57.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-023-00721-xpubmed: 38102616google scholar: lookup
  4. Lagos J, Tadich TA. Hematological and Biochemical Reference Intervals for Mules in Chile. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:400.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00400pubmed: 31781585google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.