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Viruses2023; 15(2); 417; doi: 10.3390/v15020417

Arboviruses in Mammals in the Neotropics: A Systematic Review to Strengthen Epidemiological Monitoring Strategies and Conservation Medicine.

Abstract: Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a diverse group of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses, with the exception of African swine fever virus, that are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods to a vertebrate host. They are the important cause of many diseases due to their ability to spread in different environments and their diversity of vectors. Currently, there is no information on the geographical distribution of the diseases because the routes of transmission and the mammals (wild or domestic) that act as potential hosts are poorly documented or unknown. We conducted a systematic review from 1967 to 2021 to identify the diversity of arboviruses, the areas, and taxonomic groups that have been monitored, the prevalence of positive records, and the associated risk factors. We identified forty-three arboviruses in nine mammalian orders distributed in eleven countries. In Brazil, the order primates harbor the highest number of arbovirus records. The three most recorded arboviruses were Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus. Serum is the most used sample to obtain arbovirus records. Deforestation is identified as the main risk factor for arbovirus transmission between different species and environments (an odds ratio of 1.46 with a 95% confidence interval: 1.34-1.59). The results show an increase in the sampling effort over the years in the neotropical region. Despite the importance of arboviruses for public health, little is known about the interaction of arboviruses, their hosts, and vectors, as some countries and mammalian orders have not yet been monitored. Long-term and constant monitoring allows focusing research on the analysis of the interrelationships and characteristics of each component animal, human, and their environment to understand the dynamics of the diseases and guide epidemiological surveillance and vector control programs. The biodiversity of the Neotropics should be considered to support epidemiological monitoring strategies.
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Publication Date: 2023-02-01 PubMed ID: 36851630PubMed Central: PMC9962704DOI: 10.3390/v15020417Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Systematic Review
  • Journal Article
  • Review
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper presents a systematic review of Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) in mammals in the Neotropics, highlighting their diversity, geographical distribution, associated risk factors, and the importance of continuous monitoring and conservation medicine for better understanding and control of these diseases.

Objectives of the Research

  • The primary objective of the conducted study was to identify the range of arboviruses, the regions, and the taxonomic groups that have been under surveillance, the prevalence of positive identifications, and the associated risk factors.
  • The study aimed to fill the current knowledge gaps regarding the geographical distribution of diseases caused by arboviruses and the routes of their transmission.

Methodology

  • The researchers carried out a systematic review spanning from 1967 to 2021.
  • They tracked forty-three arboviruses across nine mammalian orders spread over eleven countries.
  • In particular, they examined which mammalian orders host these viruses and in which geographic regions they are predominantly found.

Key Findings

  • The research revealed that in Brazil, the order primates contained the greatest number of arbovirus identifications.
  • The most frequently recorded arboviruses were Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, and the West Nile virus.
  • The reported significant risk factor for arbovirus transmission between various species and environments was identified as deforestation. This was based on an odds ratio analysis of 1.46 with a 95% confidence interval: 1.34-1.59, pointing towards a moderate to strong link between deforestation and transmission rates.
  • Notably, there has been an increase in the sampling effort over the years in the Neotropical region.
  • Serum samples were found to be the most commonly used resource to obtain arbovirus records.

Implications and Recommendations

  • The research emphasizes that despite the public health implications of arboviruses, our understanding of the interaction between the viruses, their hosts, and vectors remains limited. This is attributed to the lack of monitoring in some countries and mammalian orders.
  • The study advocates for long-term and sustained surveillance, highlighting its value in understanding the dynamics of infectious diseases, guiding epidemiological monitoring, and aiding vector control programs.
  • The researchers recommend that the biodiversity of the Neotropics should be taken into account in order to bolster epidemiological monitoring strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
García-Romero C, Carrillo Bilbao GA, Navarro JC, Martin-Solano S, Saegerman C. (2023). Arboviruses in Mammals in the Neotropics: A Systematic Review to Strengthen Epidemiological Monitoring Strategies and Conservation Medicine. Viruses, 15(2), 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020417

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
PII: 417

Researcher Affiliations

García-Romero, Cinthya
  • Maestría en Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito 170521, Ecuador.
  • Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador.
Carrillo Bilbao, Gabriel Alberto
  • Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador.
  • Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiege), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
  • Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador.
Navarro, Juan-Carlos
  • Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Emergentes, Ecoepidemiología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito 170521, Ecuador.
Martin-Solano, Sarah
  • Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador.
  • Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador.
Saegerman, Claude
  • Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiege), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Swine
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Arboviruses
  • African Swine Fever Virus
  • Mammals
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiological Monitoring

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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