FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary science2017; 18(3); 349-357; doi: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.349

Are pulmonary hemostasis and fibrinolysis out of balance in equine chronic pneumopathies?

Abstract: Clinical examination, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, acute-phase protein, and pulmonary hemostasis and fibrinolysis marker (fibrinogen, serum amyloid A [SAA], and D-dimer) results were compared between control and respiratory disease-affected horses. Using a clinical scoring system, horses (n = 58) were classified as respiratory disease-free (Controls, n = 15) or with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO; n = 18), inflammatory airway disease (n = 14) or chronic interstitial pneumopathy (n = 11). There were no significant differences in fibrinogen concentrations among groups, but there was a trend toward a lower value in controls (median 0.0024 g/L) than in horses with chronic pneumopathies (median 0.0052 g/L), in particular, those with RAO (median 0.0062 g/L). Fibrinogen concentration was positively correlated with percentage of neutrophils in BALF ( = 0.377, = 0.004). SAA concentrations were low; 65.5% of samples were below the detection limit. D-dimer concentrations were also low and quantifiable concentrations were only obtained after ultrafiltration and only in RAO (median 0.1 mg/L). In conclusion, there was limited evidence of increased coagulatory activity in chronic pneumopathies, apart from RAO. It is uncertain whether fibrinogen and D-dimer concentrations increased due to their role as acute-phase proteins or as a misbalance of coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-01-07 PubMed ID: 28057902PubMed Central: PMC5639088DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.349Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on examining the balance of pulmonary hemostasis and fibrinolysis in horses with chronic respiratory diseases. The findings indicate that in these horses, especially those with recurrent airway obstruction, fibrinogen concentration may increase, which may be due to the role of fibrinogen as an acute-phase protein or an indication of coagulation and fibrinolysis misbalance.

Methodology and Study Group

  • The researchers opted for a clinical examination of 58 horses, comparing data between horses free from respiratory diseases and those affected.
  • The horses were classified into control (healthy) and those with chronic respiratory conditions, including recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), inflammatory airway disease and chronic interstitial pneumopathy.
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, acute-phase proteins were assessed, and pulmonary hemostasis and fibrinolysis markers like fibrinogen, serum amyloid A (SAA), and D-dimer results were analyzed.

Key Findings

  • The researchers concluded that there were no significant variances in fibrinogen concentrations amongst the groups, although there was a slight trend towards a lower value in controls than in horses with chronic pneumopathies.
  • Of note, horses with RAO exhibited higher median fibrinogen concentration.
  • Fibrinogen concentration was seen to have a positive correlation with the percentage of neutrophils in BALF, hinting at a potential association between the two.
  • Minimum concentrations of SAA were found with 65.5% of the samples lying below the detection limit. D-dimer concentrations were also low, with quantifiable concentrations only obtained after ultrafiltration in RAO horses.

Conclusions

  • From the observations made, the study found only limited evidence of increased coagulatory activity in chronic pneumopathies, the exception being for RAO, where there was a notable increase.
  • It cannot be definitively stated that the increases in fibrinogen and D-dimer concentrations occurred due to their actions as acute-phase proteins or as an indication of a misbalance in coagulation and fibrinolysis.

Cite This Article

APA
Barton AK, Wirth C, Bondzio A, Einspanier R, Gehlen H. (2017). Are pulmonary hemostasis and fibrinolysis out of balance in equine chronic pneumopathies? J Vet Sci, 18(3), 349-357. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.349

Publication

Journal of veterinary science
ISSN: 1976-555X
NlmUniqueID: 100964185
Country: Korea (South)
Language: English
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 349-357

Researcher Affiliations

Barton, Ann Kristin
  • Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Wirth, Caroline
  • Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Bondzio, Angelika
  • Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Einspanier, Ralf
  • Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Gehlen, Heidrun
  • Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Acute-Phase Proteins / analysis
  • Airway Obstruction / metabolism
  • Airway Obstruction / physiopathology
  • Airway Obstruction / veterinary
  • Animals
  • Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / chemistry
  • Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
  • Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / analysis
  • Fibrinogen / analysis
  • Fibrinolysis / physiology
  • Hemostasis / physiology
  • Horse Diseases / metabolism
  • Horse Diseases / physiopathology
  • Horses
  • Lung Diseases / metabolism
  • Lung Diseases / physiopathology
  • Lung Diseases / veterinary
  • Serum Amyloid A Protein / analysis

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

References

This article includes 46 references
  1. Anthony D, Seow HJ, Uddin M, Thompson M, Dousha L, Vlahos R, Irving LB, Levy BD, Anderson GP, Bozinovski S. Serum amyloid A promotes lung neutrophilia by increasing IL-17A levels in the mucosa and γδ T cells.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013 Jul 15;188(2):179-86.
    pmc: PMC3778755pubmed: 23627303doi: 10.1164/rccm.201211-2139ocgoogle scholar: lookup
  2. Ather JL, Ckless K, Martin R, Foley KL, Suratt BT, Boyson JE, Fitzgerald KA, Flavell RA, Eisenbarth SC, Poynter ME. Serum amyloid A activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes Th17 allergic asthma in mice.. J Immunol 2011 Jul 1;187(1):64-73.
    pmc: PMC3119761pubmed: 21622869doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100500google scholar: lookup
  3. Barton MH, Morris DD, Norton N, Prasse KW. Hemostatic and fibrinolytic indices in neonatal foals with presumed septicemia.. J Vet Intern Med 1998 Jan-Feb;12(1):26-35.
    pubmed: 9503357doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb00493.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  4. Brims FJ, Chauhan AJ, Higgins B, Shute JK. Up-regulation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in acute asthma--a case study.. J Asthma 2010 Aug;47(6):695-8.
    pubmed: 20615166doi: 10.3109/02770901003682802google scholar: lookup
  5. Carretón E, González-Miguel J, Montoya-Alonso JA, Morchón R, Simón F, Passeri B, Cantoni AM, Kramer L. D-dimer deposits in lungs and kidneys suggest its use as a marker in the clinical workup of dogs with heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Jan 16;191(1-2):182-6.
    pubmed: 22963711doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.008google scholar: lookup
  6. Cesarini C, Monreal L, Armengou L, Delgado MÁ, Ríos J, Jose-Cunilleras E. Association of admission plasma D-dimer concentration with diagnosis and outcome in horses with colic.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 Nov-Dec;24(6):1490-7.
    pubmed: 20946373doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0618.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  7. Cho SH, Ryu CH, Oh CK. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the pathogenesis of asthma.. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004 Feb;229(2):138-46.
    pubmed: 14734792doi: 10.1177/153537020422900202google scholar: lookup
  8. Collatos C, Barton MH, Moore JN. Fibrinolytic activity in plasma from horses with gastrointestinal diseases: changes associated with diagnosis, surgery, and outcome.. J Vet Intern Med 1995 Jan-Feb;9(1):18-23.
    pubmed: 7891358doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03267.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  9. Collatos C, Barton MH, Prasse KW, Moore JN. Intravascular and peritoneal coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses with acute gastrointestinal tract diseases.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Aug 15;207(4):465-70.
    pubmed: 7591947
  10. Couëtil LL, Hoffman AM, Hodgson J, Buechner-Maxwell V, Viel L, Wood JL, Lavoie JP. Inflammatory airway disease of horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2007 Mar-Apr;21(2):356-61.
    pubmed: 17427403doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[356:iadoh]2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  11. Delgado MA, Monreal L, Armengou L, Ríos J, Segura D. Peritoneal D-dimer concentration for assessing peritoneal fibrinolytic activity in horses with colic.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 Jul-Aug;23(4):882-9.
    pubmed: 19566853doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0344.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  12. Dieckmann M, Klein HJ, Deegen E. [Chronic interstitial lung disease in the horse – findings in arterial bloodgas analysis, tracheobronchial mucus cytology and radiological examination of the thorax]. Pferdeheilkunde 1990;6:155–160.
  13. Dunkel B, Chan DL, Boston R, Monreal L. Association between hypercoagulability and decreased survival in horses with ischemic or inflammatory gastrointestinal disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 Nov-Dec;24(6):1467-74.
    pubmed: 21054544doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0620.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  14. Franchini M, Gilli U, Akens MK, Fellenberg RV, Bracher V. The role of neutrophil chemotactic cytokines in the pathogenesis of equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998 Nov 6;66(1):53-65.
    pubmed: 9847020doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00178-0google scholar: lookup
  15. Gehlen H, Oey L, Rohn K, Bilzer T, Stadler P. Pulmonary dysfunction and skeletal muscle changes in horses with RAO.. J Vet Intern Med 2008 Jul-Aug;22(4):1014-21.
    pubmed: 18498323doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0111.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  16. Goldie RG, Pedersen KE. Mechanisms of increased airway microvascular permeability: role in airway inflammation and obstruction.. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995 Jun-Jul;22(6-7):387-96.
    pubmed: 8582087doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02028.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  17. Grünig G, Hermann M, Winder C, Von Fellenberg R. Procoagulant activity in respiratory tract secretions from horses with chronic pulmonary disease.. Am J Vet Res 1988 May;49(5):705-9.
    pubmed: 3395015
  18. Grünig G, Hulliger C, Hermann M, Winder C, von Fellenberg R. Separation of equine bronchopulmonary lavage cells by density gradient centrifugation and expression of procoagulant activity in unpurified cells and cell subpopulations.. Res Vet Sci 1990 Jul;49(1):39-45.
    pubmed: 2382054
  19. Günther A, Mosavi P, Heinemann S, Ruppert C, Muth H, Markart P, Grimminger F, Walmrath D, Temmesfeld-Wollbrück B, Seeger W. Alveolar fibrin formation caused by enhanced procoagulant and depressed fibrinolytic capacities in severe pneumonia. Comparison with the acute respiratory distress syndrome.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000 Feb;161(2 Pt 1):454-62.
    pubmed: 10673185doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9712038google scholar: lookup
  20. Hoşgör I, Yarat A, Tüzüner N, Alkan F, Emekli N, Ahmad S. Biochemical and morphological alterations in lungs induced by experimental inhibition of fibrinolytic activity.. Mol Cell Biochem 2002 Dec;241(1-2):9-19.
    pubmed: 12482020doi: 10.1023/a:1020822801712google scholar: lookup
  21. Idell S. Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and fibrin deposition in acute lung injury.. Crit Care Med 2003 Apr;31(4 Suppl):S213-20.
    pubmed: 12682443doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000057846.21303.abgoogle scholar: lookup
  22. Idell S, Gonzalez K, Bradford H, MacArthur CK, Fein AM, Maunder RJ, Garcia JG, Griffith DE, Weiland J, Martin TR. Procoagulant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Contribution of tissue factor associated with factor VII.. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987 Dec;136(6):1466-74.
    pubmed: 3688650doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.6.1466google scholar: lookup
  23. Jacobsen S, Andersen PH. The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as a marker of inflammation in horses. Equine Vet Educ 2007;19:38–46.
  24. Lavoie JP. Recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) and summer-pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease. .
  25. Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Leclere M, Lemos K, Wagner B, Lavoie JP. Markers of systemic inflammation in horses with heaves.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Nov-Dec;26(6):1419-26.
    pubmed: 22925172doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00993.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  26. Lu P, Takai K, Weaver VM, Werb Z. Extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling in development and disease.. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011 Dec 1;3(12).
    pmc: PMC3225943pubmed: 21917992doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a005058google scholar: lookup
  27. Lugo J, Harkema JR, deFeijter-Rupp H, Bartner L, Boruta D, Robinson NE. Airway inflammation is associated with mucous cell metaplasia and increased intraepithelial stored mucosubstances in horses.. Vet J 2006 Sep;172(2):293-301.
    pubmed: 15925524doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.04.018google scholar: lookup
  28. Mazan MR, Vin R, Hoffman AM. Radiographic scoring lacks predictive value in inflammatory airway disease.. Equine Vet J 2005 Nov;37(6):541-5.
    pubmed: 16295932doi: 10.2746/042516405775314899google scholar: lookup
  29. Monreal L, Anglés A, Espada Y, Monasterio J, Monreal M. Hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis in horses with colic and DIC.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2000 Jun;(32):19-25.
    pubmed: 11202377doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2000.tb05329.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  30. Moran G, Carcamo C, Concha M, Folch H. Expression of the protein serum amyloid A in response to Aspergillus fumigatus in murine models of allergic airway inflammation.. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015 Jan-Mar;32(1):25-9.
    pubmed: 23603100doi: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.03.005google scholar: lookup
  31. Ohnesorge B, Trötschel Ch, Deegen E. [Diagnostic value of capnography in horses with COPD]. Pferdeheilkunde 1998;14:450–455.
  32. Ozseker F, Buyukozturk S, Depboylu B, Yilmazbayhan D, Karayigit E, Gelincik A, Genc S, Colakoglu B, Dal M, Issever H. Serum amyloid A (SAA) in induced sputum of asthmatics: a new look to an old marker.. Int Immunopharmacol 2006 Oct;6(10):1569-76.
    pubmed: 16919829doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.05.006google scholar: lookup
  33. Pizzichini E, Pizzichini MM, Efthimiadis A, Evans S, Morris MM, Squillace D, Gleich GJ, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. Indices of airway inflammation in induced sputum: reproducibility and validity of cell and fluid-phase measurements.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996 Aug;154(2 Pt 1):308-17.
    pubmed: 8756799doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.2.8756799google scholar: lookup
  34. Pollock PJ, Prendergast M, Schumacher J, Bellenger CR. Effects of surgery on the acute phase response in clinically normal and diseased horses.. Vet Rec 2005 Apr 23;156(17):538-42.
    pubmed: 15849343doi: 10.1136/vr.156.17.538google scholar: lookup
  35. Ribera T, Monreal L, Armengou L, Ríos J, Prades M. Synovial fluid D-dimer concentration in foals with septic joint disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):1113-7.
    pubmed: 21781162doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0758.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  36. Ribera T, Monreal L, Delgado MA, Ríos J, Prades M. Synovial fluid D-dimer concentration in horses with osteochondritis dissecans and osteoarthritis.. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2013;26(1):54-60.
    pubmed: 23111710doi: 10.3415/vcot-11-08-0110google scholar: lookup
  37. Robinson NE. International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disease. Michigan State University 16-18 June 2000.. Equine Vet J 2001 Jan;33(1):5-19.
    pubmed: 11191611doi: 10.2746/042516401776767412google scholar: lookup
  38. Shetty S, Padijnayayveetil J, Tucker T, Stankowska D, Idell S. The fibrinolytic system and the regulation of lung epithelial cell proteolysis, signaling, and cellular viability.. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008 Dec;295(6):L967-75.
    pubmed: 18836029doi: 10.1152/ajplung.90349.2008google scholar: lookup
  39. Shinagawa K, Martin JA, Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. Coagulation factor Xa modulates airway remodeling in a murine model of asthma.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007 Jan 15;175(2):136-43.
    pmc: PMC1899277pubmed: 17082493doi: 10.1164/rccm.200608-1097ocgoogle scholar: lookup
  40. Shinagawa K, Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. A severe deficiency of coagulation factor VIIa results in attenuation of the asthmatic response in mice.. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009 May;296(5):L763-70.
    pmc: PMC2681354pubmed: 19286924doi: 10.1152/ajplung.90638.2008google scholar: lookup
  41. Stokol T, Erb HN, De Wilde L, Tornquist SJ, Brooks M. Evaluation of latex agglutination kits for detection of fibrin(ogen) degradation products and D-dimer in healthy horses and horses with severe colic.. Vet Clin Pathol 2005 Dec;34(4):375-82.
    pubmed: 16270263doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2005.tb00064.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  42. Tilley P, Sales Luis JP, Branco Ferreira M. Correlation and discriminant analysis between clinical, endoscopic, thoracic X-ray and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology scores, for staging horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).. Res Vet Sci 2012 Oct;93(2):1006-14.
    pubmed: 22136797doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.10.024google scholar: lookup
  43. Van den Ingh TSGAM. Morphological aspects of bronchitis and bronchiolitis in the horse. Pferdeheilkunde 1985;1:13–15.
  44. Wagers SS, Norton RJ, Rinaldi LM, Bates JH, Sobel BE, Irvin CG. Extravascular fibrin, plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitors, and airway hyperresponsiveness.. J Clin Invest 2004 Jul;114(1):104-11.
    pmc: PMC437962pubmed: 15232617doi: 10.1172/jci19569google scholar: lookup
  45. Winder NC, Grünig G, Hermann M, von Fellenberg R. Fibrin/fibrinogen in lungs and respiratory secretions of horses with chronic pulmonary disease.. Am J Vet Res 1990 Jun;51(6):945-9.
    pubmed: 2114807
  46. Yuda H, Adachi Y, Taguchi O, Gabazza EC, Hataji O, Fujimoto H, Tamaki S, Nishikubo K, Fukudome K, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Maruyama J, Izumizaki M, Iwase M, Homma I, Inoue R, Kamada H, Hayashi T, Kasper M, Lambrecht BN, Barnes PJ, Suzuki K. Activated protein C inhibits bronchial hyperresponsiveness and Th2 cytokine expression in mice.. Blood 2004 Mar 15;103(6):2196-204.
    pubmed: 14604971doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-1980google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Long A, Nolen-Walston R. Equine Inflammatory Markers in the Twenty-First Century: A Focus on Serum Amyloid A. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Apr;36(1):147-160.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.005pubmed: 32007299google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.