Assessing the inflammatory response in horses undergoing gastric ulceration using salivary ADA and S100A12 as biomarkers.
Abstract: The inflammatory status in horses with gastric ulcers was monitored by two inflammatory biomarkers, S100A12 and adenosine deaminase (ADA), using saliva samples from healthy and horses with gastric ulcers. Two trials were developed: an experimental trial, in which gastric ulceration was induced in 8 horses by feed deprivation, and a clinical trial, in which 20 horses without any symptomatology and 37 with symptoms compatible with gastric ulcers were used. S100A12 and ADA levels were measured in the saliva samples of all horses using previously validated assays. In both trials, horses with gastric ulcers had higher levels of S100A12 and ADA than healthy horses, demonstrating that inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of gastric ulcers in horses. An intense reaction of ADA with a moderate increase of S100A12 was detected in the experimental trial, while different intensities in the inflammatory biomarkers were observed in clinical conditions when the ulcers were divided by gastric localization in glandular (EGGD) and squamous (ESGD). Since ADA has been shown to be released early in the inflammatory process and S100A12 is released later, by measuring them together we could more accurately assess the inflammatory process in equine gastric ulcers. Furthermore, a strong association was found between ADA and S100A12 (correlation coefficient of 0.84) in the experimental trial, while it was low-moderate (correlation coefficient of 0.39) in the clinical trial. Therefore, it could be concluded that both salivary biomarkers provide valuable information about the inflammation involved in gastric ulcers of horses and the state of the process.
Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Publication Date: 2025-04-22 PubMed ID: 40286638DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105667Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research study investigates how two inflammatory biomarkers, S100A12 and adenosine deaminase (ADA), can be used to monitor inflammation in horses with gastric ulcers through saliva samples. The results suggest that these biomarkers may provide valuable information about inflammation related to gastric ulcers in horses.
Overview of Research Methodology
- The research was conducted in two trials: an experimental trial where gastric ulcers were artificially caused in 8 horses through feed deprivation, and a clinical trial that involved 37 horses with symptoms indicative of gastric ulcers and 20 healthy horses for control.
- ADA and S100A12 levels were measured in the saliva samples of each horse in both trials using previously validated assays.
Findings
- The results showed that horses with gastric ulcers had higher ADA and S100A12 levels compared to the healthy ones, indicating the presence of inflammation associated with the condition.
- The experimental trial showed a strong reaction of ADA with only a moderate increase of S100A12 levels. The clinical trial, however, showed variable intensity of these biomarkers based on whether the ulcers were located in the glandular (EGGD) or squamous (ESGD) tissues of the stomach.
- The study concluded that measuring both ADA, which is released early in inflammation, and S100A12, which comes later in the inflammatory process, could offer a more accurate assessment of inflammation in equine gastric ulcers.
Correlation Between ADA and S100A12 Levels
- A significant correlation was found between ADA and S100A12 levels in the experimental trial, with a correlation coefficient of 0.84. In the clinical trial, a weaker (yet still moderate) correlation was observed, with a correlation coefficient of 0.39.
- This suggests that both these biomarkers together can give valuable insights into the inflammation process associated with gastric ulcers in horses.
Cite This Article
APA
(2025).
Assessing the inflammatory response in horses undergoing gastric ulceration using salivary ADA and S100A12 as biomarkers.
Res Vet Sci, 190, 105667.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105667 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Horses
- Stomach Ulcer / veterinary
- Stomach Ulcer / metabolism
- Stomach Ulcer / immunology
- Biomarkers / metabolism
- Biomarkers / analysis
- Adenosine Deaminase / metabolism
- Adenosine Deaminase / analysis
- Horse Diseases / metabolism
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Saliva / chemistry
- Saliva / enzymology
- S100A12 Protein / metabolism
- Inflammation / veterinary
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Male
- Female
Conflict of Interest Statement
Declaration of competing interest Ipharraguerre IR receives consulting fees from Biozyme Incorporated Company; Whitacre L was employed by Biozyme Incorporated Company. Biozyme Incorporated Company provided support in the form of salaries for the two authors and the saliva samples used for analysis but had no additional role in the design and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests do not compromise this study. All other authors declare no competing interest.
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