Assessment of distribution of ventilation by electrical impedance tomography in standing horses.
Abstract: The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in horses. Thoracic EIT was used in nine horses. Thoracic and abdominal circumference changes were also measured with respiratory ultrasound plethysmography (RUP). Data were recorded during baseline, rebreathing of CO2 and sedation. Three breaths were selected for analysis from each recording. During baseline breathing, horses regularly took single large breaths (sighs), which were also analysed. Functional EIT images were created using standard deviations (SD) of pixel signals and correlation coefficients (R) of each pixel signal with a reference respiratory signal. Left-to-right ratio, centre-of-ventilation and global-inhomogeneity-index were calculated. RM-ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used (P < 0.05). Distribution of ventilation shifted towards right during sighs and towards dependent regions during sighs, rebreathing and sedation. Global-inhomogeneity-index did not change for SD but increased for R images during sedation. The sum of SDs for the respiratory EIT signals correlated well with thoracic (r(2) = 0.78) and abdominal (r(2) = 0.82) tidal circumferential changes. Inverse respiratory signals were identified on the images at sternal location and based on reviewing CT images, seemed to correspond to location of gas filled intestines. Application of EIT in standing non-sedated horses is feasible. EIT images may provide physiologically useful information even in situations, such as sighs, that cannot easily be tested by other methods.
Publication Date: 2015-12-29 PubMed ID: 26711858DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/37/2/175Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research evaluates the feasibility of using electrical impedance tomography (EIT), a noninvasive lung monitoring tool, in assessing the distribution of ventilation in standing horses.
Objective and Methodology
- This study aimed to determine the viability of using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) as a tool for assessing lung ventilation in horses. EIT is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses electric currents to generate a detailed image of an organ or tissue in the body.
- Nine horses were involved in the study. Each of them was subjected to thoracic EIT. The changes in thoracic and abdominal circumference were recorded using respiratory ultrasound plethysmography (RUP).
- Data were gathered under baseline conditions, rebreathing of CO2, and while the horses were sedated. Three breaths were chosen for analysis from each recording. Expanded breaths known as sighs which the horses took during regular breathing were also analysed.
Analysis and Results
- The researchers created functional EIT images using the standard deviations (SD) of pixel signals and correlation coefficients (R) of each pixel signal with a reference respiratory signal. They then calculated the left-to-right ratio, centre-of-ventilation and a global-inhomogeneity-index.
- The results showed that the distribution of ventilation shifted towards the right during sighs and towards dependent regions during sighs, rebreathing and sedation. There were no changes detected in the global-inhomogeneity-index for SD, but an increase was observed for R images during the sedation phase.
- The sum of SDs for the respiratory EIT signals showed strong correlation with thoracic (r(2) = 0.78) and abdominal (r(2) = 0.82) tidal circumferential changes. This suggests that EIT can effectively measure the changes in the thoracic and abdominal regions during respiration.
Conclusions
- One significant finding was the identification of inverse respiratory signals at the sternal location on the images. Upon reviewing CT images, these signals seemed to correspond to the location of gas-filled intestines.
- EIT was feasibly applied in standing non-sedated horses, making it a promising tool for respiratory analysis in horses.
- EIT images may provide useful physiological information even in situations, like sighs, that are difficult to test by other methods.
Cite This Article
APA
Ambrisko TD, Schramel JP, Adler A, Kutasi O, Makra Z, Moens YP.
(2015).
Assessment of distribution of ventilation by electrical impedance tomography in standing horses.
Physiol Meas, 37(2), 175-186.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/37/2/175 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Anaesthesiology and perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Electric Impedance
- Female
- Horses
- Humans
- Male
- Posture / physiology
- Pulmonary Ventilation / physiology
- Radiography, Thoracic
- Regression Analysis
- Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Thorax / physiology
- Tomography / methods
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Citations
This article has been cited 14 times.- Sacks M, Raidal S, Catanchin CSM, Hosgood G, Mosing M. Impact of sedation, body position change and continuous positive airway pressure on distribution of ventilation in healthy foals. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:1075791.
- Andrade FSRM, Ambrósio AM, Rodrigues RR, Faccó LL, Gonçalves LA, Garcia Filho SG, Dos Santos RT, Rossetto TC, Pereira MAA, Fantoni DT. The optimal PEEP after alveolar recruitment maneuver assessed by electrical impedance tomography in healthy horses. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:1024088.
- Brabant OA, Byrne DP, Sacks M, Moreno Martinez F, Raisis AL, Araos JB, Waldmann AD, Schramel JP, Ambrosio A, Hosgood G, Braun C, Auer U, Bleul U, Herteman N, Secombe CJ, Schoster A, Soares J, Beazley S, Meira C, Adler A, Mosing M. Thoracic Electrical Impedance Tomography-The 2022 Veterinary Consensus Statement. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:946911.
- Moreno-Martinez F, Byrne D, Raisis A, Waldmann AD, Hosgood G, Mosing M. Comparison of Effects of an Endotracheal Tube or Facemask on Breathing Pattern and Distribution of Ventilation in Anesthetized Horses. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:895268.
- Kozłowska N, Wierzbicka M, Jasiński T, Domino M. Advances in the Diagnosis of Equine Respiratory Diseases: A Review of Novel Imaging and Functional Techniques. Animals (Basel) 2022 Feb 4;12(3).
- Bleul U, Wey C, Meira C, Waldmann A, Mosing M. Assessment of Postnatal Pulmonary Adaption in Bovine Neonates Using Electric Impedance Tomography (EIT). Animals (Basel) 2021 Nov 10;11(11).
- Herteman N, Mosing M, Waldmann AD, Gerber V, Schoster A. Exercise-induced airflow changes in horses with asthma measured by electrical impedance tomography. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2500-2510.
- Sacks M, Byrne DP, Herteman N, Secombe C, Adler A, Hosgood G, Raisis AL, Mosing M. Electrical impedance tomography to measure lung ventilation distribution in healthy horses and horses with left-sided cardiac volume overload. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2511-2523.
- Secombe C, Adler A, Hosgood G, Raisis A, Mosing M. Can bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation in horses be detected using electrical impedance tomography?. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jul;35(4):2035-2044.
- Ambrisko TD, Schramel JP, Auer U, Moens YPS. Impact of four different recumbencies on the distribution of ventilation in conscious or anaesthetized spontaneously breathing beagle dogs: An electrical impedance tomography study. PLoS One 2017;12(9):e0183340.
- Burnheim K, Hughes KJ, Evans DL, Raidal SL. Reliability of breath by breath spirometry and relative flow-time indices for pulmonary function testing in horses. BMC Vet Res 2016 Nov 28;12(1):268.
- Zitzmann A, Strübing A, Reuter DA, Waldmann A, Böhm SH, Müller-Graf F. Enhancing tidal volume estimation from electrical impedance tomography (EIT) by applying human anthropometric information. J Clin Monit Comput 2026 Feb;40(1):93-101.
- Wong AM, Lum HY, Musk GC, Hyndman TH, Waldmann AD, Monks DJ, Bowden RS, Mosing M. Electrical impedance tomography in anaesthetised chickens (Gallus domesticus). Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1202931.
- Byrne DP, Keeshan B, Hosgood G, Adler A, Mosing M. Comparison of electrical impedance tomography and spirometry-based measures of airflow in healthy adult horses. Front Physiol 2023;14:1164646.
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