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Home / Equine Research Bank / Rev Sci Tech / Avian influenza viruses in mammals.
Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)2009; 28(1); 137-159; doi: 10.20506/rst.28.1.1876

Avian influenza viruses in mammals.

Abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5N1 are remarkable because of their expanding non-avian host range and wide tissue tropism. They have caused severe or fatal respiratory and extra-respiratory disease in seven naturally infected species of carnivore. However, they are not unique in their ability to cross the species barrier, to cause clinical disease and mortality, or to replicate in extra-respiratory organs. Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses have crossed from birds to swine, horses, harbour seals, whales and mink; have resulted in severe respiratory disease and mortality; and may have spread beyond the respiratory tract in some of these species. They are also transmitted from mammal to mammal in most species, and have become endemic in swine and horse populations, demonstrating their ability to adapt to and become sustained in mammals. Until now, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N1 have not acquired this ability, but there are concerns that they may adapt to mammalian species and, thus, could spark an influenza pandemic in humans.
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Publication Date: 2009-07-22 PubMed ID: 19618623DOI: 10.20506/rst.28.1.1876Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article discusses the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, specifically subtype H5N1, to non-avian hosts. The study emphasizes the need for concern as these viruses demonstrate expansion in their host range and tissue tropism, and the potential for causing an influenza pandemic in humans.

Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses to Mammals

  • The study showcases the expansion of avian influenza viruses, notably the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype, which are historically known for their predominance in birds. Such avian viruses have been successful in crossing the species barrier, leading to infections in various species of mammals.
  • The research highlights that H5N1 has resulted in severe respiratory and extra-respiratory diseases in seven naturally infected species of carnivores, thereby demonstrating a wide tissue tropism.
  • The researchers point out that this subtype is not the only avian virus capable of crossing the species barrier. Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses have also shown to infect mammals such as swine, horses, harbour seals, whales, and mink, causing severe disease and mortality.

Adaptation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Hosts

  • The article underscores the adaptability of these avian influenza viruses to mammalian hosts. Such adaptability is manifested in the virus’s ability to not only infect various mammalian species but also to sustain itself within these hosts and eventually become endemic.
  • It is noted that avian influenza viruses are capable of mammal-to-mammal transmission in most of the infected species, an attribute that reflects their capacity for survival and propagation after initial host-switching.
  • Concrete examples of this adaptability are observed in horse and swine populations, where the influenza virus has become endemic.

Concerns for Potential Human Pandemic

  • The research concludes by expressing concerns over the adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses to the human population. So far, H5N1 has not demonstrated this capacity, but the potential remains.
  • Given their ability to cross the species barrier, cause severe disease, and adapt to new hosts, avian influenza viruses pose a considerable threat to human health. The process of adaptation could potentially trigger an influenza pandemic in humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Reperant LA, Rimmelzwaan GF, Kuiken T. (2009). Avian influenza viruses in mammals. Rev Sci Tech, 28(1), 137-159. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.28.1.1876

Publication

Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)
ISSN: 0253-1933
NlmUniqueID: 8712301
Country: France
Language: English
Volume: 28
Issue: 1
Pages: 137-159

Researcher Affiliations

Reperant, L A
  • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
Rimmelzwaan, G F
    Kuiken, T

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Endemic Diseases / veterinary
      • Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / pathogenicity
      • Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / physiology
      • Mammals
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / transmission
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
      • Respiratory System / virology
      • Virus Replication

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