The research is a comprehensive review studying the various biochemical and hematological changes that could signify a malfunctioning of the liver in horses. The authors highlight the importance of certain enzymes and substances whose serum concentrations can be indicative of liver disease, thereby aiding in the diagnosis and prognosis of equine hepatic disease.

Understanding Liver Function

• The liver is a major organ in the horse’s body, responsible for key metabolic functions such as synthesis, degradation and excretion of various substances.
• A change in the normal operations of the liver, such as the production or elimination of certain substances, can have significant health implications for the animal.

Role of Biochemical and Hematological Indicators

• To evaluate the state of the horse’s liver, serum concentrations of several analytes – including enzymes and other native substances – can be determined.
• For instance, hepatocellular enzymes like sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) are released when there’s hepatocellular necrosis or liver cell death.
• Hepatobiliary enzymes like γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase with necrosis, cholestasis or other alterations in the bile ducts.

Serum Concentration Indicators

• Serum concentrations of both endogenous (originating within an organism) and exogenous substances (originating outside an organism) can indicate liver function.
• These can include proteins such as albumin and globulins, bile acids, urea, glucose, total and direct bilirubin, coagulation factors, and fibrinogen.

Diagnosing Liver Disease

• The interpretation of these lab tests can help diagnose the functional loss in the liver, providing vital information about the health of the equine.
• Some of these analytes can also provide information about the prognosis of the liver disease, guiding treatment and management strategies.

Concluding Remarks

• The authors aim to provide an accurate and objective review of the common biochemical and hematological tests used in the diagnosis of equine liver disease.
• These insights can further assist veterinary practices dealing with horse liver disease cases, resulting in better disease management and horse health outcomes.