FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Severe Equine Asthma: Cyt...
Veterinary sciences2023; 10(8); 527; doi: 10.3390/vetsci10080527

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Severe Equine Asthma: Cytocentrifugated versus Sediment Smear Preparations.

Abstract: Equine asthma is a common respiratory disease that may affect horses of any age. The diagnosis of severe equine asthma (SEA) (historically referred as recurrent airway obstruction or RAO) is based mainly on the history of the animal and clinical signs, which are further supported by the cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). This can also be helpful in monitoring the inflammation of the lower airways in response to environmental management and medication. The cytocentrifugated preparation is usually considered the method of choice for BAL cytological interpretation. The aim of this study was to compare the results in terms of differential cell counts (DCC) in BAL cytology performed on sedimented smears and cytocentrifugated preparations. To carry this out, 48 BAL samples were collected from six horses with SEA that were subjected to a process of exacerbation of the disease by environmental stimuli, which was later followed by the appropriate treatment. Each collected BAL fluid was equally divided into duplicate portions: one processed by cytocentrifugation and one by sediment smear from simple centrifugation. Cytologic examination of all BAL by both methods showed poor concordance in DCC, although it was still able to allow diagnostic recognition of severe lung neutrophilic disorders. These results suggest that sediment smear preparation, although remaining a useful method in general equine practice associated with clinical assessments in the diagnosis of SEA under conditions where there is no possibility of using a cytocentrifuge, cannot be considered a comparable alternative.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-08-16 PubMed ID: 37624314PubMed Central: PMC10459724DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080527Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research focuses on comparing two methods of preparing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples in diagnosing severe equine asthma (SEA): cytocentrifugation and simple centrifugation with a sediment smear. The article presents a finding that sediment smear preparation while useful in general practice, cannot serve as a comparable alternative to cytocentrifugation in situations where a cytocentrifuge is not available.

Understanding the Research Context

  • The study seeks to provide insights into the diagnosis of severe equine asthma (SEA), a common disease among horses.
  • SEA diagnosis primarily relies upon the history of the animal, clinical signs and the cytological examination of bronchoaliveolar lavage (BAL).
  • BAL cytology also helps in monitoring the inflammation of the horse’s lower airways, informing environmental management and medication decisions.

The Research Methodology

  • The research involved an examination of 48 BAL samples collected from six horses diagnosed with SEA.
  • Each BAL sample was then split into two for processing: one through cytocentrifugation and the other through simple centrifugation, with a sediment smear.
  • The study’s aim centered around comparing the differential cell counts (DCC) results from cytology performed on both preparations.

Results and Inferences

  • Findings showed poor concordance between the two methodologies in relation to DCC, suggesting that the two methods might not be directly interchangeable.
  • The study’s results further indicated that diagnostic recognition of severe lung neutrophilic disorders was still possible through cytologic examination irrespective of the preparatory method used.
  • However, the paper concludes that sediment smear preparations cannot be considered an equivalent alternative in situatins where cytocentrifuge isn’t available. The sediment smear preparation was seen as only a useful method often used in general equine practice in conjunction with clinical assessments for diagnosing SEA.

Cite This Article

APA
Morini M, Gobbo F, Rinnovati R, Romagnoli N, Peli A, Massarenti C, Spadari A, Pietra M. (2023). Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Severe Equine Asthma: Cytocentrifugated versus Sediment Smear Preparations. Vet Sci, 10(8), 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080527

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 8
PII: 527

Researcher Affiliations

Morini, Maria
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Gobbo, Francesca
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Rinnovati, Riccardo
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Romagnoli, Noemi
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Peli, Angelo
  • Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini Campus, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
Massarenti, Chiara
  • Anicura Veterinary Institute of Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, 20060 Novara, Italy.
Spadari, Alessandro
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Pietra, Marco
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 35 references
  1. Lapointe JM, Vrins A, Lavoie JP. Effects of centrifugation and specimen preparation technique on bronchoalveolar lavage analysis in horses.. Equine Vet J 1994 May;26(3):227-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04374.xpubmed: 8542843google scholar: lookup
  2. Hoffman AM. Bronchoalveolar lavage: sampling technique and guidelines for cytologic preparation and interpretation.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008 Aug;24(2):423-35, vii-viii.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.04.003pubmed: 18652963google scholar: lookup
  3. Mair TS, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ. Cellular content of secretions obtained by lavage from different levels of the equine respiratory tract.. Equine Vet J 1987 Sep;19(5):458-62.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02644.xpubmed: 3678190google scholar: lookup
  4. Bedenice D, Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. Association between cough and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pulmonary function in horses diagnosed with inflammatory airway disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2008 Jul-Aug;22(4):1022-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0109.xpubmed: 18498325google scholar: lookup
  5. Beekman L, Tohver T, Léguillette R. Comparison of cytokine mRNA expression in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with inflammatory airway disease and bronchoalveolar lavage mastocytosis or neutrophilia using REST software analysis.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Jan-Feb;26(1):153-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00847.xpubmed: 22168153google scholar: lookup
  6. Hughes KJ, Nicolson L, Da Costa N, Franklin SH, Allen KJ, Dunham SP. Evaluation of cytokine mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from horses with inflammatory airway disease.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Mar 15;140(1-2):82-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.018pubmed: 21194756google scholar: lookup
  7. Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Moran K, Beauchamp G, Mauel S, Steinbach F, Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Martin JG, Lavoie JP. IL-4 activates equine neutrophils and induces a mixed inflammatory cytokine expression profile with enhanced neutrophil chemotactic mediator release ex vivo.. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010 Oct;299(4):L472-82.
    doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00135.2009pubmed: 20639353google scholar: lookup
  8. Sarli G, Peli A, Marrocco R, Zanotti L, Ducci A, Isani G, Alessandra S, Sassi F, Benazzi C, Cinotti S. A Comparison of IL-1 Beta and IL-8 MRNA and Their Respective Proteins in Equine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid during Recurrent Airway Obstruction. Online J. Vet. Res. 2011;15:215–228.
  9. Cowell RL, Tyler RD. Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Horse. .
  10. Bullone M, Lavoie JP. Science-in-brief: Equine asthma diagnosis: Beyond bronchoalveolar lavage cytology.. Equine Vet J 2017 May;49(3):263-265.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12679pubmed: 28387029google scholar: lookup
  11. Bond S, Léguillette R, Richard EA, Couetil L, Lavoie JP, Martin JG, Pirie RS. Equine asthma: Integrative biologic relevance of a recently proposed nomenclature.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Nov;32(6):2088-2098.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15302pmc: PMC6271326pubmed: 30294851google scholar: lookup
  12. Couetil LL, Thompson CA. Airway Diagnostics: Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Tracheal Wash, and Pleural Fluid.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Apr;36(1):87-103.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.006pubmed: 32145836google scholar: lookup
  13. Niedzwiedz A, Mordak R, Jaworski Z, Nicpon J. Utility of the Histological Examination of the Bronchial Mucosa in the Diagnosis of Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome in Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2018;67:44–49.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.028google scholar: lookup
  14. McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Robinson NE, Schumacher J. Equine Respiratory Medicine and Surgery. .
  15. Davis KU, Sheats MK. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology Characteristics and Seasonal Changes in a Herd of Pastured Teaching Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:74.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00074pmc: PMC6426765pubmed: 30923711google scholar: lookup
  16. Fogarty U, Buckley T. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance.. Equine Vet J 1991 Nov;23(6):434-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03756.xpubmed: 1778160google scholar: lookup
  17. Holcombe SJ, Jackson C, Gerber V, Jefcoat A, Berney C, Eberhardt S, Robinson NE. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses.. Equine Vet J 2001 May;33(3):244-9.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249606pubmed: 11352345google scholar: lookup
  18. Jean D, Vrins A, Beauchamp G, Lavoie JP. Evaluation of variations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Vet Res 2011 Jun;72(6):838-42.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.6.838pubmed: 21627532google scholar: lookup
  19. Fernandez NJ, Hecker KG, Gilroy CV, Warren AL, Léguillette R. Reliability of 400-cell and 5-field leukocyte differential counts for equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.. Vet Clin Pathol 2013 Mar;42(1):92-8.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12013pubmed: 23289790google scholar: lookup
  20. Pickles K, Pirie RS, Rhind S, Dixon PM, McGorum BC. Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 3: The effect of time, temperature and fixatives.. Equine Vet J 2002 May;34(3):297-301.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776185967pubmed: 12108751google scholar: lookup
  21. Morini M, Peli A, Rinnovati R, Magazzù G, Romagnoli N, Spadari A, Pietra M. Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase.. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 12;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051376pmc: PMC8151432pubmed: 34066204google scholar: lookup
  22. Pickles K, Pirie RS, Rhind S, Dixon PM, McGorum BC. Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 2: Comparison of smear and cytocentrifuged preparations.. Equine Vet J 2002 May;34(3):292-6.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776186155pubmed: 12108750google scholar: lookup
  23. Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):503-15.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13824pmc: PMC4913592pubmed: 26806374google scholar: lookup
  24. Ainsworth DM, Wagner B, Franchini M, Grünig G, Erb HN, Tan JY. Time-dependent alterations in gene expression of interleukin-8 in the bronchial epithelium of horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Apr;67(4):669-77.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.4.669pubmed: 16579761google scholar: lookup
  25. Tee SY, Dart AJ, MacDonald MH, Perkins NR, Horadagoda N, Jeffcott LB. Effects of collecting serial tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage samples on the cytological findings of subsequent fluid samples in healthy Standardbred horses.. Aust Vet J 2012 Jul;90(7):247-51.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00950.xpubmed: 22731943google scholar: lookup
  26. Rush BR, Raub ES, Rhoads WS, Flaminio MJ, Matson CJ, Hakala JE, Gillespie JR. Pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively.. Am J Vet Res 1998 Aug;59(8):1039-43.
    pubmed: 9706210
  27. Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. Clinical Techniques for Diagnosis of Inflammatory Airway Disease in the Horse. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 2003;2:238–257.
    doi: 10.1053/S1534-7516(03)00067-2google scholar: lookup
  28. McGorum BC, Dixon PM. Evaluation of local endobronchial antigen challenges in the investigation of equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.. Equine Vet J 1993 Jul;25(4):269-72.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02961.xpubmed: 8354209google scholar: lookup
  29. McBride GB. A Proposal for Strength-of-Agreement Criteria for Lin’S Concordance Correlation Coefficient. Natl. Inst. Water Atmos. Res. 2005;45:307–310.
  30. Watson PF, Petrie A. Method agreement analysis: a review of correct methodology.. Theriogenology 2010 Jun;73(9):1167-79.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.01.003pubmed: 20138353google scholar: lookup
  31. Sweeney CR, Rossier Y, Ziemer EL, Lindborg S. Effects of lung site and fluid volume on results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1992 Aug;53(8):1376-9.
    pubmed: 1510313
  32. McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell RE, Irving P. Comparison of cellular and molecular components of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid harvested from different segments of the equine lung.. Res Vet Sci 1993 Jul;55(1):57-9.
    doi: 10.1016/0034-5288(93)90034-Dpubmed: 8378614google scholar: lookup
  33. Pickles K, Pirie RS, Rhind S, Dixon PM, McGorum BC. Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 1: Comparison of sequential and pooled aliquots.. Equine Vet J 2002 May;34(3):288-91.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776186137pubmed: 12108749google scholar: lookup
  34. Allen KJ, Tennant KV, Franklin SH. Effect of inclusion or exclusion of epithelial cells in equine respiratory cytology analysis.. Vet J 2019 Dec;254:105405.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105405pubmed: 31836172google scholar: lookup
  35. Hermange T, Le Corre S, Bizon C, Richard EA, Couroucé A. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from both lungs in horses: Diagnostic reliability of cytology from pooled samples.. Vet J 2019 Feb;244:28-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.002pubmed: 30825891google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.