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BMC veterinary research2013; 9; 199; doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-199

Cardiorespiratory and antinociceptive effects of two different doses of lidocaine administered to horses during a constant intravenous infusion of xylazine and ketamine.

Abstract: This study investigated the antinociceptive effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine during xylazine and ketamine anesthesia in horses and aimed to correlate these effects with cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index (BIS) and plasma lidocaine concentrations. Six adult crossbred mares weighing 320-400 kg were anesthetized on three different occasions. Sedation was performed with xylazine (0.75 mg/kg IV) and anesthetic induction with guaifenesin (75 mg/kg IV) and ketamine (2 mg/kg IV). Anesthesia was maintained with 37.5 μg/kg/min of xylazine and 87.5 μg/kg/min of ketamine both administered intravenously for 75 min. The three treatments consisted of: lidocaine (loading dose: 5 mg/kg, CRI: 100 μg/kg/min; THL); lidocaine (loading dose: 2.5 mg/kg; CRI: 50 μg/kg/min: TLL); and saline (TS); all given 15 min after induction and maintained for 1 h. Antinociception was measured by response to electrical stimulation and bispectral index (BIS) was recorded during anesthesia. Parametric and non-parametric data were compared using ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls and Friedman tests, respectively. Results: Plasma lidocaine concentrations peaked at the end of lidocaine loading dose and was greater in THL (9.61 ± 2.75 μg/mL) vs TLL (4.50 ± 3.34 μg/mL). Electrical noxious stimulation caused purposeful movement in all horses from TS, but no response in THL. The BIS was decreased in THL only and was less when compared to the other treatments throughout anesthesia. Blood pressure, PaO2 and PaCO2 increased and heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), pH, total plasma protein and temperature decreased during anesthesia in all treatments. PaCO2 and HR were greater and RR and pH less in THL compared to TLL and TS at 30 min during anesthesia. All recoveries were considered excellent. Time to standing was longer after THL (60 ± 20 min) than following TLL and TS (32 ± 17 and 30 ± 15 min, respectively). Conclusions: At the highest dose administered (THL) lidocaine CRI during xylazine/ketamine anesthesia decreased BIS and motor response to noxious stimulation, and prolonged recovery time without significant added cardiorespiratory depression.
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Publication Date: 2013-10-09 PubMed ID: 24103634PubMed Central: PMC3852357DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-199Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper investigates the effects of administering lidocaine, a local anesthetic, in a steady dose during xylazine and ketamine anesthesia in horses. It further aims to correlate these effects with cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index (BIS), and plasma lidocaine concentrations.

Study Design and Methods

  • Guests of the study included six adult crossbred mares each weighing within the range of 320-400 kg. Each horse was anesthetized in three distinct sessions using xylazine for sedation and guaifenesin and ketamine for anesthetic induction.
  • All the horses were maintained with xylazine and ketamine administered intravenously for 75 minutes. The study was segregated into three treatments: a lidocaine high dose treatment (THL), a lidocaine low dose treatment (TLL), and a saline treatment.
  • All treatments were given 15 minutes after induction and maintained for one hour. Antinociception, which is the process of blocking the detection of a painful or injurious stimulus by sensory neurons, was measured by response to electrical stimulation and bispectral index (BIS) was recorded during anesthesia.
  • Finally, data comparison was carried out using ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls and Friedman tests, for parametric and non-parametric data respectively.

Results of the Study

  • It was observed that plasma lidocaine concentrations reached their peak at the end of the lidocaine loading dose, and were greater in treatment THL versus treatment TLL.
  • Electrical noxious stimulation led to deliberate movement in all horses from the saline treatment (TS), however, there was no response noticed in treatment THL, where horses received the highest dosage of lidocaine.
  • Bispectral index was decreased only in treatment THL and less when compared to the other treatments throughout anesthesia.
  • Many physiological measures like blood pressure, PaO2 and PaCO2 were increased, whereas heartbeat rate, respiratory rate, pH, total plasma protein, and temperature were observed to descend during anesthesia in all treatments.
  • The recovery time was longer in horses after THL treatment than following TLL and TS treatment.

Conclusions Drawn from the Study

  • This study concluded that the highest administered dose of lidocaine during xylazine/ketamine anesthesia reduced Bispectral Index and motor response to noxious stimulation but also elongated recovery time without substantially adding cardiorespiratory depression.

Cite This Article

APA
Nóbrega Neto PI, Luna SP, Queiroz-Williams P, Mama KR, Steffey EP, Carregaro AB. (2013). Cardiorespiratory and antinociceptive effects of two different doses of lidocaine administered to horses during a constant intravenous infusion of xylazine and ketamine. BMC Vet Res, 9, 199. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-199

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 9
Pages: 199

Researcher Affiliations

Nóbrega Neto, Pedro I
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618970, Brazil. stelio@fmvz.unesp.br.
Luna, Stelio P L
    Queiroz-Williams, Patricia
      Mama, Khursheed R
        Steffey, Eugene P
          Carregaro, Adriano B

            MeSH Terms

            • Analgesia / veterinary
            • Anesthetics, Dissociative / administration & dosage
            • Anesthetics, Dissociative / pharmacology
            • Anesthetics, Local / administration & dosage
            • Anesthetics, Local / pharmacology
            • Animals
            • Cross-Over Studies
            • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
            • Female
            • Horses
            • Hypnotics and Sedatives / administration & dosage
            • Hypnotics and Sedatives / pharmacology
            • Injections, Intravenous
            • Ketamine / administration & dosage
            • Ketamine / pharmacology
            • Lidocaine / administration & dosage
            • Lidocaine / pharmacology
            • Xylazine / administration & dosage
            • Xylazine / pharmacology

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            Citations

            This article has been cited 1 times.
            1. Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK. Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 14;11(6).
              doi: 10.3390/ani11061777pubmed: 34198637google scholar: lookup
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