Cardiovascular effects of submaximal aerobic training on a treadmill in Standardbred horses, using a standardized exercise test.
Abstract: Seven healthy, unexercised, previously trained, adult Standardbred horses were allotted to 2 groups and trained 78 days on a treadmill set at a 7 degree 30' angle. The groups were trained on different schedules, and the effects of training on heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, systemic blood pressure, and venous lactic acid were determined. Measurements were made at rest, during exercise on the treadmill at rates of 55 m/min, 75 m/min, 100 m/min, and 154 m/min, and at 5 minutes after exercise (standardized exercise test). Heart rate and cardiac output decreased during the training period. Significantly slower heart rates were observed at 55 m/min by day 8, at 100 m/min and 154 m/min by day 36, at 1 minute after exercise by day 57, and at 5 minutes after exercise by day 78 (P less than 0.05). Stroke volume increased with exercise, but not significantly. The arteriovenous oxygen difference increased significantly (P less than 0.05) with each increase in work load. There was no significant increase with training, although an upward trend was recorded. Mean systemic blood pressure did not differ from resting with treadmill rates of 55 m/min, 75 m/min, or 100 m/min. It was greater at 154 m/min, although this was not significant. During exercise, the total peripheral resistance decreased to as little as 30% of its resting value. After exercise, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures and peripheral resistance increased. Marked increases in blood volume and blood viscosity during exercise were closely related to the decrease in peripheral resistance. There was no significant effect of training on blood pressure. Venous lactic acid concentrations at rest were greater than those of the horses on the treadmill at rates of 55 m/min, 75 m/min, and 100 m/min and at 5 minutes after exercise on days 1, 8, and 15. Subsequently, they were not different from resting values. Differences in the effects of the different training programs could not be detected.
Publication Date: 1983-04-01 PubMed ID: 6869950
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research investigates the effects of submaximal aerobic training on cardiovascular elements in Standardbred horses using a treadmill. Specifically, it assessed how heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, systemic blood pressure, and venous lactic acid changed based on different workout regimens during a 78-day period.
Methodology
- Seven healthy, previously trained but currently unexercised adult Standardbred horses were used for this study. They were divided into two groups and were trained for 78 days on a treadmill set at an angle of 7 degrees 30 minutes.
- These groups underwent different training programs.
- Both groups’ heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, systemic blood pressure, and venous lactic acid were measured. These factors were evaluated while resting, during workout on the treadmill at various speeds, and at 5 minutes post-workout.
Findings
- Both heart rate and cardiac output decreased over the course of the training period at different intervals.
- Although stroke volume increased with exercise, this increase was not significant.
- The arteriovenous oxygen difference significantly increased with each increase in workload.
- No significant change was observed in mean systemic blood pressure with the treadmill rates of 55 m/min, 75 m/min, or 100 m/min. Non-significant change was also observed at 154 m/min.
- During workout, total peripheral resistance fell to as low as 30% of the resting value but this increased after workout.
- Blood volume and blood viscosity increased in correlation with the decrease in peripheral resistance during the workout.
- No significant impact of training on blood pressure was found.
- Resting venous lactic acid concentrations were higher than those at few specific treadmill rates and at 5 minutes post-workout during the initial days of training. Later, they were not different from resting values.
- The different training programs did not lead to noticeable differences in results.
Implications
- The research offers valuable insights into how submaximal aerobic training impacts the cardiovascular components in Standardbred horses. The study could guide the design of workout programs to enhance horse performance while maintaining cardiovascular health.
- The finding that different training programs did not lead to significant differences in outcomes highlights the need for further research to determine the most effective workout regimen for these horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Bayly WM, Gabel AA, Barr SA.
(1983).
Cardiovascular effects of submaximal aerobic training on a treadmill in Standardbred horses, using a standardized exercise test.
Am J Vet Res, 44(4), 544-553.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Blood Pressure
- Body Temperature
- Cardiac Output
- Diastole
- Exercise Test / veterinary
- Female
- Heart Rate
- Hemodynamics
- Horses / physiology
- Humans
- Lactates / blood
- Lactic Acid
- Male
- Oxygen / blood
- Oxygen Consumption
- Physical Exertion
- Stroke Volume
- Systole
Citations
This article has been cited 6 times.- Nissen SD, Weis R, Krag-Andersen EK, Hesselkilde EM, Isaksen JL, Carstensen H, Kanters JK, Linz D, Sanders P, Hopster-Iversen C, Jespersen T, Pehrson S, Buhl R. Electrocardiographic characteristics of trained and untrained standardbred racehorses.. J Vet Intern Med 2022 May;36(3):1119-1130.
- Lindner A, Esser M, López R, Boffi F. Relationship between Resting and Recovery Heart Rate in Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jan 11;10(1).
- Ringmark S, Lindholm A, Hedenström U, Lindinger M, Dahlborn K, Kvart C, Jansson A. Reduced high intensity training distance had no effect on VLa4 but attenuated heart rate response in 2-3-year-old Standardbred horses.. Acta Vet Scand 2015 Mar 20;57(1):17.
- Gauvreau GM, Young SS, Staempfli H, McCutcheon LJ, Wilson BA, McDonell WN. The relationship between respiratory exchange ratio, plasma lactate and muscle lactate concentrations in exercising horses using a valved gas collection system.. Can J Vet Res 1996 Jul;60(3):161-71.
- Evans DL, Rose RJ. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to submaximal exercise training in the thoroughbred horse.. Pflugers Arch 1988 Mar;411(3):316-21.
- Art T, Lekeux P. Pulmonary mechanics during treadmill exercise in race ponies.. Vet Res Commun 1988;12(2-3):245-58.
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