FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Vet Sci / Case report: Equine metacarpophalangeal joint partial and fu...
Frontiers in veterinary science2024; 11; 1403174; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1403174

Case report: Equine metacarpophalangeal joint partial and full thickness defects treated with allogenic equine synovial membrane mesenchymal stem/stromal cell combined with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cell conditioned medium.

Abstract: Here, we describe a case of a 5-year-old show-jumping stallion presented with severe lameness, swelling, and pain on palpation of the left metacarpophalangeal joint (MCj). Diagnostic imaging revealed full and partial-thickness articular defects over the lateral condyle of the third metacarpus (MC3) and the dorsolateral aspect of the first phalanx (P1). After the lesion's arthroscopic curettage, the patient was subjected to an innovative regenerative treatment consisting of two intra-articular injections of equine synovial membrane mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (eSM-MSCs) combined with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cells conditioned medium (UC-MSC CM), 15 days apart. A 12-week rehabilitation program was accomplished, and lameness, pain, and joint effusion were remarkably reduced; however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scan presented incomplete healing of the MC3's lesion, prompting a second round of treatment. Subsequently, the horse achieved clinical soundness and returned to a higher level of athletic performance, and imaging exams revealed the absence of lesions at P1, fulfillment of the osteochondral lesion, and cartilage-like tissue formation at MC3's lesion site. The positive outcomes suggest the effectiveness of this combination for treating full and partial cartilage defects in horses. Multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and their bioactive factors compose a novel therapeutic approach for tissue regeneration and organ function restoration with anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative impact through paracrine mechanisms.
Copyright © 2024 Reis, Lopes, Sousa, Sousa, Rêma, Caseiro, Briote, Rocha, Pereira, Mendonça, Santos, Lamas, Atayde, Alvites and Maurício.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-05-22 PubMed ID: 38840629PubMed Central: PMC11150641DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1403174Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Case Reports
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research discusses a case where a lame horse with joint defects was treated using a novel combination of equine synovial membrane mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium. This approach successfully improved the horse’s condition and allowed it to return to high-level athletic performance.

Presentation of the Horse and Diagnostics

  • In this study, researchers examined a 5-year-old stallion show jumper that had been experiencing significant lameness, swelling, and pain in the left metacarpophalangeal joint.
  • Through diagnostic imaging, they found full and partial thickness defects in the dorsolateral aspect of the first phalanx (P1) and the lateral condyle of the third metacarpus (MC3).

Treatment with Mesenchymal Stem Cells

  • Following the diagnosis, the team curated the lesion through arthroscopic curettage and then applied a groundbreaking regenerative treatment.
  • This treatment included administering two intra-articular injections of equine synovial membrane mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (eSM-MSCs) mixed with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cells conditioned medium (UC-MSC CM). These injections were given 15 days apart.

Rehabilitation and Follow-Up

  • A <a href="/equine-rehabilitation-guide/" title="Equine Rehabilitation Programs: What to Expect When Your Horse is Recovering – [Guide]”>12-week rehabilitation program was implemented following the procedure. After this period, it was observed that the horse’s lameness, pain, and joint effusion had significantly decreased.
  • However, CT scans and MRIs revealed incomplete healing of the MC3’s lesion. This necessitated a second round of treatment.

Outcome of the treatment

  • Upon completion of the second round of treatment, the horse attained clinical soundness and was able to return to a higher level of athletic performance.
  • Further imaging examination demonstrated the absence of lesions at P1 and the fulfillment of the osteochondral lesion. Additionally, researchers noted the development of cartilage-like tissue at the lesion site on MC3.
  • The positive outcome of this case suggests that the combination of eSM-MSCs and UC-MSC CM does have potential for treating full and partial cartilage defects in horses.
  • Multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and their bioactive factors suggest a promising therapeutic approach for tissue regeneration and restoring organ function. They function through paracrine mechanisms and have both anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects.

Cite This Article

APA
Reis IL, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa AC, Rêma A, Caseiro AR, Briote I, Rocha AM, Pereira JP, Mendonça CM, Santos JM, Lamas L, Atayde LM, Alvites RD, Maurício AC. (2024). Case report: Equine metacarpophalangeal joint partial and full thickness defects treated with allogenic equine synovial membrane mesenchymal stem/stromal cell combined with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cell conditioned medium. Front Vet Sci, 11, 1403174. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1403174

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Pages: 1403174

Researcher Affiliations

Reis, I L
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Avenida Central de Gandra, Gandra, Portugal.
Lopes, B
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
Sousa, P
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
Sousa, A C
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
Rêma, A
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
Caseiro, A R
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Coimbra, Portugal.
  • Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Avenida José R. Sousa Fernandes, Coimbra, Portugal.
Briote, I
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Campus Agrário de Vairão, Centro Clínico de Equinos de Vairão (CCEV), Vairão, Portugal.
Rocha, A M
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Campus Agrário de Vairão, Centro Clínico de Equinos de Vairão (CCEV), Vairão, Portugal.
Pereira, J P
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Campus Agrário de Vairão, Centro Clínico de Equinos de Vairão (CCEV), Vairão, Portugal.
Mendonça, C M
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Campus Agrário de Vairão, Centro Clínico de Equinos de Vairão (CCEV), Vairão, Portugal.
Santos, J M
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
Lamas, L
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
  • CIISA-Centro Interdisciplinar-Investigação em Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Atayde, L M
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Campus Agrário de Vairão, Centro Clínico de Equinos de Vairão (CCEV), Vairão, Portugal.
Alvites, R D
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Avenida Central de Gandra, Gandra, Portugal.
Maurício, A C
  • Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
  • Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
  • Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Campus Agrário de Vairão, Centro Clínico de Equinos de Vairão (CCEV), Vairão, Portugal.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 68 references
  1. Linardi RL, Dodson ME, Moss KL, King WJ, Ortved KF. The effect of autologous protein solution on the inflammatory cascade in stimulated equine chondrocytes.. Front Vet Sci (2019) 6:64.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00064pmc: PMC6414419pubmed: 30895181google scholar: lookup
  2. Liu TP, Ha P, Xiao CY, Kim SY, Jensen AR, Easley J. Updates on mesenchymal stem cell therapies for articular cartilage regeneration in large animal models.. Front Cell Dev Biol (2022) 10:982199.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.982199pmc: PMC9485723pubmed: 36147737google scholar: lookup
  3. Khan IM, Gilbert SJ, Singhrao S, Duance VC, Archer CW. Cartilage integration: evaluation of the reasons for failure of integration during cartilage repair: a review.. Eur Cell Mater (2008) 16:26–39.
    doi: 10.22203/eCM.v016a04pubmed: 18770504google scholar: lookup
  4. Nam Y, Rim YA, Lee J, Ju JH. Current therapeutic strategies for stem cell-based cartilage regeneration.. Stem Cells Int (2018) 2018:1–20.
    doi: 10.1155/2018/8490489pmc: PMC5889878pubmed: 29765426google scholar: lookup
  5. Davidson EJ. Controlled exercise in equine rehabilitation.. Vet Clin Equine Pract (2016) 32:159–65.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.12.012pubmed: 26898964google scholar: lookup
  6. Crawford DC, Miller LE, Block JE. Conservative management of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a flawed strategy?. Orthop Rev (2013) 5:5–10.
    doi: 10.4081/or.2013.e2pmc: PMC3662262pubmed: 23705060google scholar: lookup
  7. Reischl N, Gautier E, Jacobi M. Current surgical treatment of knee osteoarthritis.. Arthritis (2011) 2011:1–9.
    doi: 10.1155/2011/454873pmc: PMC3200113pubmed: 22046517google scholar: lookup
  8. Tan SSH, Tjio CKE, Wong JRY, Wong KL, Chew JRJ, Hui JHP. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes for cartilage regeneration: a systematic review of preclinical in vivo studies.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev (2021) 27:1–13.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0326pubmed: 32159464google scholar: lookup
  9. Makris EA, Gomoll AH, Malizos KN, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Repair and tissue engineering techniques for articular cartilage.. Nat Rev Rheumatol (2015) 11:21–34.
    doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.157pmc: PMC4629810pubmed: 25247412google scholar: lookup
  10. Mancuso P, Raman S, Glynn A, Barry F, Murphy JM. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for osteoarthritis: the critical role of the cell secretome.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol (2019) 7:9.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00009pmc: PMC6361779pubmed: 30761298google scholar: lookup
  11. Wang J, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Huang L, Shi Q. Mesenchymal stem cells-a promising strategy for treating knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis.. Bone Joint Res (2020) 9:719–28.
    doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.910.BJR-2020-0031.R3pmc: PMC7640936pubmed: 33399474google scholar: lookup
  12. Zha K, Li X, Yang Z, Tian G, Sun Z, Sui X. Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage regeneration: from characterization to application.. NPJ Regenerat Med (2021) 6:14.
    doi: 10.1038/s41536-021-00122-6pmc: PMC7979687pubmed: 33741999google scholar: lookup
  13. Lam AT, Reuveny S, Oh SK-W. Human mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cartilage repair: review on isolation, expansion, and constructs.. Stem Cell Res (2020) 44:101738.
    doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101738pubmed: 32109723google scholar: lookup
  14. Richter W. Mesenchymal stem cells and cartilage in situ regeneration.. J Intern Med (2009) 266:390–05.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02153.xpubmed: 19765182google scholar: lookup
  15. Grande DA, Southerland SS, Manji R, Pate DW, Schwartz RE, Lucas PA. Repair of articular cartilage defects using mesenchymal stem cells.. Tissue Eng (1995) 1:345–53.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.1995.1.345pubmed: 19877898google scholar: lookup
  16. Otto W, Rao J. Tomorrow's skeleton staff: mesenchymal stem cells and the repair of bone and cartilage.. Cell Prolif (2004) 37:97–10.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2004.00303.xpmc: PMC6496475pubmed: 14871240google scholar: lookup
  17. Sakaguchi Y, Sekiya I, Yagishita K, Muneta T. Comparison of human stem cells derived from various mesenchymal tissues: superiority of synovium as a cell source.. Arthrit Rheumat Off J Am Coll Rheumatol (2005) 52:2521–9.
    doi: 10.1002/art.21212pubmed: 16052568google scholar: lookup
  18. Mochizuki T, Muneta T, Sakaguchi Y, Nimura A, Yokoyama A, Koga H. Higher chondrogenic potential of fibrous synovium–and adipose synovium–derived cells compared with subcutaneous fat–derived cells: distinguishing properties of mesenchymal stem cells in humans.. Arthritis Rheum (2006) 54:843–53.
    doi: 10.1002/art.21651pubmed: 16508965google scholar: lookup
  19. Jones BA, Pei M. Synovium-derived stem cells: a tissue-specific stem cell for cartilage engineering and regeneration.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev (2012) 18:301–11.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0002pubmed: 22429320google scholar: lookup
  20. Koga H, Muneta T, Nagase T, Nimura A, Ju Y-J, Mochizuki T. Comparison of mesenchymal tissues-derived stem cells for in vivo chondrogenesis: suitable conditions for cell therapy of cartilage defects in rabbit.. Cell Tissue Res (2008) 333:207–15.
    doi: 10.1007/s00441-008-0633-5pubmed: 18560897google scholar: lookup
  21. De Bari C, Dell'Accio F, Tylzanowski P, Luyten FP. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from adult human synovial membrane.. Arthritis Rheum (2001) 44:1928–42.
    doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200108)44:8<1928::AID-ART331>3.0.CO;2-Ppubmed: 11508446google scholar: lookup
  22. Hassanzadeh A, Vousooghi N, Rahimnia R, Razeghian E, Rajaeian S, Seyhoun I. Recent advances in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)-based approaches for osteoarthritis (OA) therapy.. Cell Biol Int (2023) 47:1033–48.
    doi: 10.1002/cbin.12008pubmed: 36994843google scholar: lookup
  23. Kubosch EJ, Lang G, Furst D, Kubosch D, Izadpanah K, Rolauffs B. The potential for synovium-derived stem cells in cartilage repair.. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther (2018) 13:174–84.
    doi: 10.2174/1574888X12666171002111026pubmed: 28969580google scholar: lookup
  24. Liu S, Hou KD, Yuan M, Peng J, Zhang L, Sui X. Characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord and for fabrication of non-scaffold tissue-engineered cartilage.. J Biosci Bioeng (2014) 117:229–35.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.07.001pubmed: 23899897google scholar: lookup
  25. Barrachina L, Cequier A, Romero A, Vitoria A, Zaragoza P, Vázquez FJ. Allo-antibody production after intraarticular administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in an equine osteoarthritis model: effect of repeated administration, MSC inflammatory stimulation, and equine leukocyte antigen (ELA) compatibility.. Stem Cell Res Ther (2020) 11:1–12.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-1571-8pmc: PMC7006079pubmed: 32028995google scholar: lookup
  26. Solursh M, Meier S. A conditioned medium (CM) factor produced by chondrocytes that promotes their own differentiation.. Dev Biol (1973) 30:279–89.
    doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90089-4pubmed: 4267377google scholar: lookup
  27. Rosochowicz MA, Lach MS, Richter M, Suchorska WM, Trzeciak T. Conditioned medium–is it an undervalued lab waste with the potential for osteoarthritis management?. Stem Cell Rev Rep (2023) 19:1185–13.
    doi: 10.1007/s12015-023-10517-1pmc: PMC10366316pubmed: 36790694google scholar: lookup
  28. Mirzaei M, Eshaghi-Gorji R, Maleki E, Malekshah AK, Amiri FT. Investigating the comparative effect of conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblast cells on articular cartilage defects.. J Res Pharm (2023) 4:27.
  29. Huang C-Y, Vesvoranan O, Yin X, Montoya A, Londono V, Sawatari Y. Anti-inflammatory effects of conditioned medium of periodontal ligament-derived stem cells on chondrocytes, synoviocytes, and meniscus cells.. Stem Cells Dev (2021) 30:537–47.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2021.0010pubmed: 33757298google scholar: lookup
  30. Sriramulu S, Banerjee A, Di Liddo R, Jothimani G, Gopinath M, Murugesan R. Concise review on clinical applications of conditioned medium derived from human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs).. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res (2018) 12:230.
    pmc: PMC6305261pubmed: 30595826
  31. Alves da Silva M, Costa-Pinto A, Martins A, Correlo V, Sol P, Bhattacharya M. Conditioned medium as a strategy for human stem cells chondrogenic differentiation.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med (2015) 9:714–23.
    doi: 10.1002/term.1812pubmed: 24155167google scholar: lookup
  32. Leal Reis I, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa AC, Branquinho M, Caseiro AR. Allogenic synovia-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of equine tendinopathies and Desmopathies—proof of concept.. Animals (2023) 13:1312.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13081312pmc: PMC10135243pubmed: 37106875google scholar: lookup
  33. Leal Reis I, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa AC, Branquinho MV, Caseiro AR. Treatment of equine Tarsus long medial collateral ligament Desmitis with allogenic synovial membrane mesenchymal stem/stromal cells enhanced by umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived conditioned medium: proof of concept.. Animals (2024) 14:370.
    doi: 10.3390/ani14030370pmc: PMC10854557pubmed: 38338013google scholar: lookup
  34. Practitioners AAoE Guide for veterinary service and judging of equestrian events1991: AAEP (2021).
  35. Bertoni L, Jacquet-Guibon S, Branly T, Desancé M, Legendre F, Melin M. Evaluation of allogeneic bone-marrow-derived and umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells to prevent the development of osteoarthritis in an equine model.. Int J Mol Sci (2021) 22:2499.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms22052499pmc: PMC7958841pubmed: 33801461google scholar: lookup
  36. Thomopoulos S, Parks WC, Rifkin DB, Derwin KA. Mechanisms of tendon injury and repair.. J Orthop Res (2015) 33:832–9.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.22806pmc: PMC4418182pubmed: 25641114google scholar: lookup
  37. Schils S, Turner T. Review of early mobilization of muscle, tendon, and ligament after injury in equine rehabilitation.. Proceedings of the 56th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 4–8 December 2010; 2010: American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP).
  38. Kaneps AJ. Practical rehabilitation and physical therapy for the general equine practitioner.. Vet Clin Equin Pract (2016) 32:167–80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.12.001pubmed: 26898959google scholar: lookup
  39. Ortved KF. Regenerative medicine and rehabilitation for tendinous and ligamentous injuries in sport horses.. Vet Clin Equine Pract (2018) 34:359–73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.012pubmed: 29803299google scholar: lookup
  40. Zha K, Sun Z, Yang Y, Chen M, Gao C, Fu L. Recent developed strategies for enhancing chondrogenic differentiation of MSC: impact on MSC-based therapy for cartilage regeneration.. Stem Cells Int (2021) 2021:1–15.
    doi: 10.1155/2021/8830834pmc: PMC8007380pubmed: 33824665google scholar: lookup
  41. Link TM, Stahl R, Woertler K. Cartilage imaging: motivation, techniques, current and future significance.. Eur Radiol (2007) 17:1135–46.
    doi: 10.1007/s00330-006-0453-5pubmed: 17093967google scholar: lookup
  42. Oei EH, Wick MC, Müller-Lutz A, Schleich C, Miese FR. Cartilage imaging: Techniques and developments.. Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme Medical Publishers; (2018).
    pubmed: 29672812
  43. Chu CR, Williams AA, Coyle CH, Bowers ME. Early diagnosis to enable early treatment of pre-osteoarthritis.. Arthritis Res Ther (2012) 14:212–11.
    doi: 10.1186/ar3845pmc: PMC3446496pubmed: 22682469google scholar: lookup
  44. Hughes RJ, Houlihan-Burne DG. Clinical and MRI considerations in sports-related knee joint cartilage injury and cartilage repair.. Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme Medical Publishers; (2011).
    pubmed: 21332021
  45. Li Q, Amano K, Link TM, Ma CB. Advanced imaging in osteoarthritis.. Sports Health (2016) 8:418–28.
    doi: 10.1177/1941738116663922pmc: PMC5010138pubmed: 27510507google scholar: lookup
  46. Baccarin RYA, Seidel SRT, Michelacci YM, Tokawa PKA, Oliveira TM. Osteoarthritis: a common disease that should be avoided in the athletic horse’s life.. Anim Front (2022) 12:25–36.
    doi: 10.1093/af/vfac026pmc: PMC9197312pubmed: 35711506google scholar: lookup
  47. Mahmoud E, Hassaneen ASA, Noby MA, Mawas A, Abdel-Hady A-NA. Equine osteoarthritis: an overview of different treatment strategies.. Int J Vet Sci (2021) 4:85–96.
    doi: 10.21608/svu.2021.57242.1099google scholar: lookup
  48. Ma W, Liu C, Wang S, Xu H, Sun H, Fan X. Efficacy and safety of intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Medicine (2020) 99:e23343.
    doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023343pmc: PMC7717742pubmed: 33285713google scholar: lookup
  49. Murata D, Ishikawa S, Sunaga T, Saito Y, Sogawa T, Nakayama K. Osteochondral regeneration of the femoral medial condyle by using a scaffold-free 3D construct of synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells in horses.. BMC Vet Res (2022) 18:53.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-03126-ypmc: PMC8783486pubmed: 35065631google scholar: lookup
  50. Harrell CR, Markovic BS, Fellabaum C, Arsenijevic A, Volarevic V. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy of osteoarthritis: current knowledge and future perspectives.. Biomed Pharmacother (2019) 109:2318–26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.099pubmed: 30551490google scholar: lookup
  51. Wei P, Bao R. Intra-articular mesenchymal stem cell injection for knee osteoarthritis: mechanisms and clinical evidence.. Int J Mol Sci (2022) 24:59.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms24010059pmc: PMC9819973pubmed: 36613502google scholar: lookup
  52. Colbath AC, Dow SW, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of musculoskeletal disease in horses: relative merits of allogeneic versus autologous stem cells.. Equine Vet J (2020) 52:654–63.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13233pubmed: 31971273google scholar: lookup
  53. Denoix J-M. Physical therapy and massage for the horse: biomechanics-excercise-treatment CRC Press; (2021).
  54. Fraschetto C, Dancot M, Vandersmissen M, Denoix J-M, Coudry V. Conservative management of equine tarsal collateral ligament injuries may allow return to normal performance.. J Am Vet Med Assoc (2023) 261:995–03.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.22.12.0597pubmed: 37040895google scholar: lookup
  55. Mithoefer K, Hambly K, Logerstedt D, Ricci M, Silvers H, Villa SD. Current concepts for rehabilitation and return to sport after knee articular cartilage repair in the athlete.. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther (2012) 42:254–73.
    doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.3665pubmed: 22383103google scholar: lookup
  56. Uludag S, Ataker Y, Seyahi A, Tetik O, Gudemez E. Early rehabilitation after stable osteosynthesis of intra-articular fractures of the metacarpal base of the thumb.. J Hand Surg (2015) 40:370–3.
    doi: 10.1177/1753193413494035pubmed: 23792442google scholar: lookup
  57. Fahy N, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Mechanical stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells: implications for cartilage tissue engineering.. J Orthop Res (2018) 36:52–63.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.23670pubmed: 28763118google scholar: lookup
  58. Chen FH, Rousche KT, Tuan RS. Technology insight: adult stem cells in cartilage regeneration and tissue engineering.. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol (2006) 2:373–82.
    doi: 10.1038/ncprheum0216pubmed: 16932723google scholar: lookup
  59. Hardmeier R, Redl H, Marlovits S. Effects of mechanical loading on collagen propeptides processing in cartilage repair.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med (2010) 4:1–11.
    doi: 10.1002/term.211pubmed: 19842116google scholar: lookup
  60. Canonici F, Cocumelli C, Cersini A, Marcoccia D, Zepparoni A, Altigeri A. Articular cartilage regeneration by hyaline chondrocytes: a case study in equine model and outcomes.. Biomedicines (2023) 11:1602.
    doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11061602pmc: PMC10296174pubmed: 37371697google scholar: lookup
  61. Cestari H, Souza JPC, Hussni CA, Rodrigues CA, Watanabe MJ, Alves ALG. Intra-articular mesenchymal stem cell therapy on a joint capsule rupture in a horse–case report.. Res Soc Dev (2021) 10:e211101220370.
    doi: 10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20370google scholar: lookup
  62. Ferris DJ, Frisbie DD, Kisiday JD, McIlwraith CW, Hague BA, Major MD. Clinical outcome after intra-articular administration of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in 33 horses with stifle injury.. Vet Surg (2014) 43:255–65.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12100.xpubmed: 24433318google scholar: lookup
  63. Colbath AC, Dow SW, Hopkins LS, Phillips JN, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Single and repeated intra-articular injections in the tarsocrural joint with allogeneic and autologous equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are safe, but did not reduce acute inflammation in an experimental interleukin-1β model of synovitis.. Equine Vet J (2020) 52:601–12.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13222pmc: PMC7283005pubmed: 31821594google scholar: lookup
  64. Colbath A, Dow S, Hopkins L, Phillips J, McIlwraith C, Goodrich L. Allogeneic vs. autologous intra-articular mesenchymal stem cell injection within normal horses: clinical and cytological comparisons suggest safety.. Equine Vet J (2020) 52:144–51.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13136pubmed: 31120574google scholar: lookup
  65. Abbaszadeh H, Ghorbani F, Derakhshani M, Movassaghpour AA, Yousefi M, Talebi M. Regenerative potential of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a new horizon of stem cell therapy.. J Cell Physiol (2020) 235:9230–40.
    doi: 10.1002/jcp.29810pubmed: 32557631google scholar: lookup
  66. Matas J, Orrego M, Amenabar D, Infante C, Tapia-Limonchi R, Cadiz MI. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for knee osteoarthritis: repeated MSC dosing is superior to a single MSC dose and to hyaluronic acid in a controlled randomized phase I/II trial.. Stem Cells Transl Med (2019) 8:215–24.
    doi: 10.1002/sctm.18-0053pmc: PMC6392367pubmed: 30592390google scholar: lookup
  67. Song Y, Du H, Dai C, Zhang L, Li S, Hunter DJ. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for osteoarthritis: a pilot study with long-term follow-up and repeated injections.. Regen Med (2018) 13:295–07.
    doi: 10.2217/rme-2017-0152pubmed: 29417902google scholar: lookup
  68. Van Hecke L, Magri C, Duchateau L, Beerts C, Geburek F, Suls M. Repeated intra-articular administration of equine allogeneic peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells does not induce a cellular and humoral immune response in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol (2021) 239:110306.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110306pubmed: 34365135google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.