FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Vet Sci / Case Report: Repeated Intralesional Injections of Autologous...
Frontiers in veterinary science2022; 9; 843131; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.843131

Case Report: Repeated Intralesional Injections of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined With Platelet-Rich Plasma for Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Healing in a Show Jumping Horse.

Abstract: In the present case report a show jumping 10-year-old Sella Italiano gelding, presented with severe lameness, swelling and pain at palpation of the mid-metacarpal region of the left forelimb. Clinical and ultrasound examination diagnosed a chronic tendonitis of the central region of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). The lesion was a reoccurrence since it developed from a previously healed injury. The horse had to stop competing and was unresponsive to gold-standard treatments as Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and conservative management after 6 months of therapy. The animal was subjected to repeated intralesional injections of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) combined with autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The combined treatment was administered twice in a 1-month interval. The healing process was assessed through clinical examination, ultrasound imaging and quantification of oxidative stress products and inflammatory mediators in blood plasma. After 2 weeks from first injection, a reduction of concentration of oxidative-derived products was observed, together with an increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-mitotic growth factors. These results were reflected clinically as the horse showed a reduction of lameness along with swelling and pain after 4 weeks. At the 1-year follow-up, the horse showed no signs of lameness and swelling. The ultrasonographic examination highlighted a compact fiber alignment with a normal echogenic tendon as observed in the sound contralateral limb. Moreover, the horse went back to the previous level of competition. Our results suggest the positive effects of a repeated intralesional injection of AD-MSCs and PRP for the treatment of a chronic tendonitis with long-term effects and an improvement for both equine quality of life and athletic performance.
Copyright © 2022 Melotti, Carolo, Elshazly, Boesso, Da Dalt, Gabai, Perazzi, Iacopetti and Patruno.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-02-18 PubMed ID: 35252428PubMed Central: PMC8894652DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.843131Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Case Reports
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores the use of repeated injections of autologous mesenchymal stem cells combined with platelet-rich plasma to treat chronic tendonitis in a horse, noting positive effects.

Study Overview

  • This research report revolves around a case involving a 10-year-old Sella Italiano gelding horse that was a showjumper. The horse had severe lameness along with swelling and pain in the mid-metacarpal region of its left forelimb.
  • Following clinical and ultrasound examination, it was diagnosed with chronic tendonitis in the central region of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). This was actually a recurrence, having developed from a previously healed injury, and the horse did not respond to standard treatments such as Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

The Treatment

  • After conventional treatments had failed, the gelding was treated with repeated intralesional injections of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs), enhanced with autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The combined treatment was carried out twice, with a gap of a month between the two applications.

Evaluating the Healing Process

  • Healing was continually assessed using clinical examination, ultrasound imaging, and measuring oxidative stress products and inflammatory mediators in the horse’s blood plasma.
  • After the first injection, a drop in the concentration of oxidative-derived products was observed in only two weeks, along with an uptick in anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-mitotic growth factors.

Results

  • The horse showed clinical improvement, with a notable reduction in lameness, swelling, and pain within 4 weeks of treatment. After a year, the horse showed no signs of lameness or swelling.
  • Upon ultrasound examination, a normal echo was observed in the tendon, indicating a successful healing process. The echogenic tendon matched the unaffected contralateral limb, suggesting recovery.
  • Remarkably, the horse was able to return to the same level of competition as before the injury.

Study Significance

  • The findings strongly suggest that repeated injections of mesenchymal stem cells – sourced from the horse’s own fat tissue – and PRP can effectively treat chronic tendonitis in horses. The positive results were observed in the long-term and enhanced both the quality of life and athletic performance of horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Melotti L, Carolo A, Elshazly N, Boesso F, Da Dalt L, Gabai G, Perazzi A, Iacopetti I, Patruno M. (2022). Case Report: Repeated Intralesional Injections of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined With Platelet-Rich Plasma for Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Healing in a Show Jumping Horse. Front Vet Sci, 9, 843131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.843131

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Pages: 843131

Researcher Affiliations

Melotti, Luca
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua-Agripolis Campus, Legnaro, Italy.
Carolo, Anna
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua-Agripolis Campus, Legnaro, Italy.
Elshazly, Noha
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua-Agripolis Campus, Legnaro, Italy.
  • Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Boesso, Filippo
  • Veterinary Practicioner, Padua, Italy.
Da Dalt, Laura
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua-Agripolis Campus, Legnaro, Italy.
Gabai, Gianfranco
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua-Agripolis Campus, Legnaro, Italy.
Perazzi, Anna
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua-Agripolis Campus, Legnaro, Italy.
Iacopetti, Ilaria
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua-Agripolis Campus, Legnaro, Italy.
Patruno, Marco
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua-Agripolis Campus, Legnaro, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 63 references
  1. Williams RB, Harkins LS, Hammond CJ, Wood JLN. Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities recorded on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998.. Equine Vet J (2001) 33:478–86.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776254808pubmed: 11558743google scholar: lookup
  2. Lam KH, Parkin TDH, Riggs CM, Morgan KL. Descriptive analysis of retirement of thoroughbred racehorses due to tendon injuries at the Hong Kong Jockey Club (1992–2004).. Equine Vet J (2007) 39:143–8.
    doi: 10.2746/042516407X159132pubmed: 17378443google scholar: lookup
  3. O'Meara B, Bladon B, Parkin TDH, Fraser B, Lischer CJ. An investigation of the relationship between race performance and superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the thoroughbred racehorse.. Equine Vet J (2010) 42:322–6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2009.00021.xpubmed: 20525050google scholar: lookup
  4. Clegg PD. Musculoskeletal disease and injury, now and in the future. Part 2: tendon and ligament injuries.. Equine Vet J (2012) 44:371–5.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00563.xpubmed: 22486548google scholar: lookup
  5. Smith RKW, Garvican ER, Fortier LA. The current “state of play” of regenerative medicine in horses: what the horse can tell the human.. Regen Med (2014) 9:673–85.
    doi: 10.2217/rme.14.42pubmed: 25372081google scholar: lookup
  6. Dowling BA, Dart AJ, Hodgson DR, Smith RKW. Superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the horse.. Equine Vet J (2000) 32:369–78.
    doi: 10.2746/042516400777591138pubmed: 11037257google scholar: lookup
  7. Singer ER, Barnes J, Saxby F, Murray JK. Injuries in the event horse: training versus competition.. Vet J (2008) 175:76–81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.11.009pubmed: 17204438google scholar: lookup
  8. Patterson-Kane JC, Firth EC. The pathobiology of exercise-induced superficial digital flexor tendon injury in thoroughbred racehorses.. Vet J (2009) 181:79–89.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.009pubmed: 18406184google scholar: lookup
  9. Ribitsch I, Oreff GL, Jenner F. Regenerative medicine for equine musculoskeletal diseases.. Animals (2021) 11:1–30.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11010234pmc: PMC7832834pubmed: 33477808google scholar: lookup
  10. Thorpe CT, Clegg PD, Birch HL. A review of tendon injury: why is the equine superficial digital flexor tendon most at risk?. Equine Vet J (2010) 42:174–80.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X480395pubmed: 20156256google scholar: lookup
  11. Bradshaw H, Williams J. Evaluation of equine superficial digital flexor tendon lesions.. Vet Nurse (2012) 3:578–84.
    doi: 10.12968/vetn.2012.3.9.578pubmed: 0google scholar: lookup
  12. Kasashima Y, Takahashi T, Smith RKW, Goodship AE, Kuwano A, Ueno T. Prevalence of superficial digital flexor tendonitis and suspensory desmitis in Japanese thoroughbred flat racehorses in 1999.. Equine Vet J (2004) 36:346–50.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044890580pubmed: 15163043google scholar: lookup
  13. Crevier-Denoix N, Collobert C, Pourcelot P, Denoix JM, Sanaa M, Geiger D. Mechanical properties of pathological equine superficial digital flexor tendons.. Equine Vet J Suppl (1997)23–26.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05046.xpubmed: 9354282google scholar: lookup
  14. Dakin SG. A review of the healing processes in equine superficial digital flexor tendinopathy.. Equine Vet Educ (2017) 29:516–20.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12572pubmed: 0google scholar: lookup
  15. Walden G, Liao X, Donell S, Raxworthy MJ, Riley GP, Saeed A. A clinical, biological, and biomaterials perspective into tendon injuries and regeneration.. Tissue Eng–Part B Rev (2017) 23:44–58.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0181pmc: PMC5312458pubmed: 27596929google scholar: lookup
  16. Schneider M, Angele P, Järvinen TAH, Docheva D. Rescue plan for achilles: therapeutics steering the fate and functions of stem cells in tendon wound healing.. Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2018) 129:352–75.
    doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.016pubmed: 29278683google scholar: lookup
  17. Dyson SJ. Medical management of superficial digital flexor tendonitis: a comparative study in 219 horses (1992–2000).. Equine Vet J (2004) 36:415–9.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044868422pubmed: 15253082google scholar: lookup
  18. Peers KHE, Lysens RJJ. Patellar tendinopathy in athletes: current diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations.. Sport Med (2005) 35:71–87.
    doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535010-00006pubmed: 15651914google scholar: lookup
  19. Stewart MC, Stewart AA. Cell-based therapies in orthopedics.. Vet Clin North Am–Equine Pract (2011) 27:xiii–iv.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.07.002pubmed: 21872755google scholar: lookup
  20. Torricelli P, Fini M, Filardo G, Tschon M, Pischedda M, Pacorini A. Regenerative medicine for the treatment of musculoskeletal overuse injuries in competition horses.. Int Orthop (2011) 35:1569–76.
    doi: 10.1007/s00264-011-1237-3pmc: PMC3174295pubmed: 21394594google scholar: lookup
  21. Smith RKW, Korda M, Blunn GW, Goodship AE. Isolation and implantation of autologous equine mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow into the superficial digital flexor tendon as a potential novel treatment.. Equine Vet J (2003) 35:99–102.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403775467388pubmed: 12553472google scholar: lookup
  22. Romero A, Barrachina L, Ranera B, Remacha AR, Moreno B, de Blas I. Comparison of autologous bone marrow and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells, and platelet rich plasma, for treating surgically induced lesions of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. Vet J (2017) 224:76–84.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.005pubmed: 28697880google scholar: lookup
  23. Torres-Torrillas M, Rubio M, Damia E, Cuervo B, Romero A Del, Peláez P. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a promising tool in the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases.. Int J Mol Sci (2019) 20:3105.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms20123105pmc: PMC6627452pubmed: 31242644google scholar: lookup
  24. Depuydt E, Broeckx SY, van Hecke L, Chiers K, van Brantegem L, van Schie H. The evaluation of equine allogeneic tenogenic primed mesenchymal stem cells in a surgically induced superficial digital flexor tendon lesion model.. Front Vet Sci (2021) 8:641441.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.641441pmc: PMC7973085pubmed: 33748217google scholar: lookup
  25. Ricco S, Renzi S, del Bue M, Conti V, Merli E, Ramoni R. Allogeneic adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in combination with platelet rich plasma are safe and effective in the therapy of superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the horse.. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol (2013) 26:61–8.
    doi: 10.1177/03946320130260S108pubmed: 24046950google scholar: lookup
  26. Geburek F, Roggel F, van Schie HTM, Beineke A, Estrada R, Weber K. Effect of single intralesional treatment of surgically induced equine superficial digital flexor tendon core lesions with adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: a controlled experimental trial.. Stem Cell Res Ther (2017) 8:1–21.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0564-8pmc: PMC5460527pubmed: 28583184google scholar: lookup
  27. Fortier LA, Smith RKW. Regenerative medicine for tendinous and ligamentous injuries of sport horses.. Vet Clin North Am-Equine Pract (2008) 24:191–201.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.002pubmed: 18314043google scholar: lookup
  28. Geburek F, Gaus M, van Schie HTM, Rohn K, Stadler PM. Effect of intralesional platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment on clinical and ultrasonographic parameters in equine naturally occurring superficial digital flexor tendinopathies–a randomized prospective controlled clinical trial.. BMC Vet Res (2016) 12:1–16.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0826-1pmc: PMC5015224pubmed: 27604193google scholar: lookup
  29. Lopez MJ, Jarazo J. State of the art: stem cells in equine regenerative medicine.. Equine Vet J (2015) 47:145–54.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12311pubmed: 24957845google scholar: lookup
  30. Dahlgren LA. Regenerative medicine therapies for equine wound management.. Vet Clin North Am–Equine Pract (2018) 34:605–20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.07.009pubmed: 30447771google scholar: lookup
  31. Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Rafeei F, Amini R, Saidijam M. The effect of mesenchymal stem cells combined with platelet-rich plasma on skin wound healing.. J Cosmet Dermatol (2018) 17:650–9.
    doi: 10.1111/jocd.12512pubmed: 29504236google scholar: lookup
  32. Mehranfar S, Abdi Rad I, Mostafav E, Akbarzadeh A. The use of stromal vascular fraction (SVF), platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stem cells in the treatment of osteoarthritis: an overview of clinical trials.. Artif Cells Nanomedicine Biotechnol (2019) 47:882–90.
    doi: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1576710pubmed: 30887856google scholar: lookup
  33. Beerts C, Suls M, Broeckx SY, Seys B, Vandenberghe A, Declercq J. Tenogenically induced allogeneic peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells in allogeneic platelet-rich plasma: 2-year follow-up after tendon or ligament treatment in horses.. Front Vet Sci (2017) 4:158.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00158pmc: PMC5622984pubmed: 29018808google scholar: lookup
  34. Vandenberghe A, Broeckx SY, Beerts C, Seys B, Zimmerman M, Verweire I. Tenogenically induced allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in a horse.. Front Vet Sci (2015) 2:49.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00049pmc: PMC4672201pubmed: 26664976google scholar: lookup
  35. Goodship AE, Birch HL, Wilson AM. The pathobiology and repair of tendon and ligament injury.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract (1994) 10:323–49.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30359-0pubmed: 7987721google scholar: lookup
  36. Smith R, McIlwraith W, Schweitzer R, Kadler K, Cook J, Caterson B. Advances in the understanding of tendinopathies: a report on the second Havemeyer workshop on equine tendon disease.. Equine Vet J (2014) 46:4–9.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12128pubmed: 24329581google scholar: lookup
  37. Andarawis-Puri N, Flatow EL, Soslowsky LJ. Tendon basic science: development, repair, regeneration, and healing.. J Orthop Res (2015) 780–4.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.22869pmc: PMC4427041pubmed: 25764524google scholar: lookup
  38. Oreff GL, Fenu M, Vogl C, Ribitsch I, Jenner F. Species variations in tenocytes' response to inflammation require careful selection of animal models for tendon research.. Sci Rep (2021) 11:1–14.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91914-9pmc: PMC8203623pubmed: 34127759google scholar: lookup
  39. Domingo RA, Riggs CM, Gardner DS, Freeman SL. Ultrasonographic scoring system for superficial digital flexor tendon injuries in horses: Intra- and inter-rater variability.. Vet Rec (2017) 181:655.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.104233pubmed: 29217766google scholar: lookup
  40. Martinello T, Bronzini I, Maccatrozzo L, Iacopetti I, Sampaolesi M, Mascarello F. Cryopreservation does not affect the stem characteristics of multipotent cells isolated from equine peripheral blood.. Tissue Eng-Part C Methods (2010) 16:771–81.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0512pubmed: 19839741google scholar: lookup
  41. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini FC, Krause DS. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The international society for cellular therapy position statement.. Cytotherapy (2006) 8:315–7.
    doi: 10.1080/14653240600855905pubmed: 16923606google scholar: lookup
  42. Perazzi A, Busetto R, Martinello T, Drigo M, Pasotto D, Cian F. Description of a double centrifugation tube method for concentrating canine platelets.. BMC Vet Res (2013) 9:146.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-146pmc: PMC3723642pubmed: 23876182google scholar: lookup
  43. Hu ML. Measurement of protein thiol groups and glutathione in plasma.. Methods Enzymol (1994) 233:380–5.
    doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33044-1pubmed: 8015473google scholar: lookup
  44. Reznick AZ, Packer L. Oxidative damage to proteins: spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay.. Methods Enzymol (1994) 233:357–63.
    doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33041-7pubmed: 8015470google scholar: lookup
  45. Witko-Sarsat V, Friedlander M, Capeillère-Blandin C, Nguyen-Khoa T, Nguyen AT, Zingraff J. Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia.. Kidney Int (1996) 49:1304–13.
    doi: 10.1038/ki.1996.186pubmed: 8731095google scholar: lookup
  46. Yoshida Y, Itoh N, Hayakawa M, Piga R, Cynshi O, Jishage KI. Lipid peroxidation induced by carbon tetrachloride and its inhibition by antioxidant as evaluated by an oxidative stress marker, HODE.. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (2005) 208:87–97.
    doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.01.015pubmed: 16164964google scholar: lookup
  47. Murray RC, Dyson SJ, Tranquille C, Adams V. Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury diagnosis.. Equine Vet J (2006) 38:411–6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05578.xpubmed: 17402457google scholar: lookup
  48. Spaas JH, Guest DJ, van de Walle GR. Tendon regeneration in human and equine athletes.. Sport Med (2012) 42:871–90.
    doi: 10.1007/BF03262300pubmed: 22963225google scholar: lookup
  49. Ribitsch I, Baptista PM, Lange-Consiglio A, Melotti L, Patruno M, Jenner F. Large animal models in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering: to do or not to do.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol (2020) 8:972.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00972pmc: PMC7438731pubmed: 32903631google scholar: lookup
  50. Smith RKW, McIlwraith CW. “One Health” in tendinopathy research: current concepts.. J Orthop Res (2021) 39:1596–602.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.25035pubmed: 33713481google scholar: lookup
  51. Gibbs N, Diamond R, Sekyere EO, Thomas WD. Management of knee osteoarthritis by combined stromal vascular fraction cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma, and musculoskeletal exercises: a case series.. J Pain Res (2015) 8:799–806.
    doi: 10.2147/JPR.S92090pmc: PMC4644167pubmed: 26609244google scholar: lookup
  52. Bastos R, Mathias M, Andrade R, Bastos R, Balduino A, Schott V. Intra-articular injections of expanded mesenchymal stem cells with and without addition of platelet-rich plasma are safe and effective for knee osteoarthritis.. Knee Surgery Sport Traumatol Arthrosc (2018) 26:3342–50.
    doi: 10.1007/s00167-018-4883-9pubmed: 29511819google scholar: lookup
  53. Kim SJ, Kim EK, Kim SJ, Song DH. Effects of bone marrow aspirate concentrate and platelet-rich plasma on patients with partial tear of the rotator cufftendon.. J Orthop Surg Res (2018) 13:1–7.
    doi: 10.1186/s13018-017-0693-xpmc: PMC5753487pubmed: 29298726google scholar: lookup
  54. Chicharro D, Carrillo JM, Rubio M, Cugat R, Cuervo B, Guil S, Forteza J. Combined plasma rich in growth factors and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes the cutaneous wound healing in rabbits.. BMC Vet Res (2018) 14:1–12.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1577-ypmc: PMC6151009pubmed: 30241533google scholar: lookup
  55. Fernandes G, Wang C, Yuan X, Liu Z, Dziak R, Yang S. Combination of controlled release platelet-rich plasma alginate beads and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells for bone regeneration.. J Periodontol (2016) 87:470–80.
    doi: 10.1902/jop.2016.150487pmc: PMC4927087pubmed: 26745613google scholar: lookup
  56. Broeckx S, Suls M, Beerts C, Vandenberghe A, Seys B, Wuertz-Kozak K. Allogenic mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for equine degenerative joint disease: a pilot study.. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther (2014) 9:497–503.
    doi: 10.2174/1574888X09666140826110601pubmed: 25175766google scholar: lookup
  57. Hersant B, Sid-Ahmed M, Braud L, Jourdan M, Baba-Amer Y, Meningaud JP. Platelet-rich plasma improves the wound healing potential of mesenchymal stem cells through paracrine and metabolism alterations.. Stem Cells Int (2019) 2019:1234263.
    doi: 10.1155/2019/1234263pmc: PMC6875194pubmed: 31781232google scholar: lookup
  58. Rhatomy S, Prasetyo TE, Setyawan R, Soekarno NR, Romaniyanto FNU, Sedjati AP. Prospect of stem cells conditioned medium (secretome) in ligament and tendon healing: a systematic review.. Stem Cells Transl Med (2020) 9:895–902.
    doi: 10.1002/sctm.19-0388pmc: PMC7381802pubmed: 32304180google scholar: lookup
  59. Ulrich K, Jakob U. The role of thiols in antioxidant systems.. Free Radic Biol Med (2019) 140:14–27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.035pmc: PMC7041647pubmed: 31201851google scholar: lookup
  60. Deng G, Li K, Chen S, Chen P, Zheng H, Yu B. Interleukin-10 promotes proliferation and migration, and inhibits tendon differentiation via the JAK/Stat3 pathway in tendon-derived stem cells in vitro.. Mol Med Rep (2018) 18:5044–52.
    doi: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9547pmc: PMC6236255pubmed: 30320384google scholar: lookup
  61. Disser NP, Sugg KB, Talarek JR, Sarver DC, Rourke BJ, Mendias CL. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in tenocytes is required for adult tendon growth.. FASEB J (2019) 33:12680–95.
    doi: 10.1096/fj.201901503Rpmc: PMC6902672pubmed: 31536390google scholar: lookup
  62. Leong NL, Kator JL, Clemens TL, James A, Enamoto-Iwamoto M, Jiang J. Tendon and ligament healing and current approaches to tendon and ligament regeneration.. J Orthop Res (2020) 38:7–12.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.24475pmc: PMC7307866pubmed: 31529731google scholar: lookup
  63. van Hecke L, Magri C, Duchateau L, Beerts C, Geburek F, Suls M. Repeated intra-articular administration of equine allogeneic peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells does not induce a cellular and humoral immune response in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol (2021) 239:110306.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110306pubmed: 34365135google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Najeb M, Samy A, Rizk A, Mosbah E, Karrouf G. Regenerative biologics modulating inflammation and promoting tenogenesis in equine superficial digital flexor tendonitis: from molecular pathways to clinical translation. Ir Vet J 2025 Sep 17;78(1):21.
    doi: 10.1186/s13620-025-00309-zpubmed: 40963139google scholar: lookup
  2. Tognoloni A, Bartolini D, Pepe M, Di Meo A, Porcellato I, Guidoni K, Galli F, Chiaradia E. Platelets Rich Plasma Increases Antioxidant Defenses of Tenocytes via Nrf2 Signal Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023 Aug 27;24(17).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms241713299pubmed: 37686103google scholar: lookup
  3. Leal Reis I, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa AC, Branquinho M, Caseiro AR, Pedrosa SS, Rêma A, Oliveira C, Porto B, Atayde L, Amorim I, Alvites R, Santos JM, Maurício AC. Allogenic Synovia-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Equine Tendinopathies and Desmopathies-Proof of Concept. Animals (Basel) 2023 Apr 11;13(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13081312pubmed: 37106875google scholar: lookup
  4. Song Y, Day CM, Afinjuomo F, Tan JE, Page SW, Garg S. Advanced Strategies of Drug Delivery via Oral, Topical, and Parenteral Administration Routes: Where Do Equine Medications Stand?. Pharmaceutics 2023 Jan 4;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010186pubmed: 36678815google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.