FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Changes in Salivary Analytes of Horses Due to Circadian Rhyt...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2020; 10(9); 1486; doi: 10.3390/ani10091486

Changes in Salivary Analytes of Horses Due to Circadian Rhythm and Season: A Pilot Study.

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the circadian and circannual variations in a panel of analytes in horse saliva that have been previously described as biomarkers related to stress and disease, in order to interpret them correctly when they are measured in this species. This panel of analytes integrated cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), lipase (Lip), total esterase (TEA), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), adenosine deaminase (ADA), γ-glutamyl transferase (gGT), creatine kinase (CK), urea, total bilirubin, total protein (TP), and phosphorus. These analytes were measured in saliva obtained from a population of five clinically healthy mares from 06:30 to 20:30, every 2 h over two consecutive days in two different photoperiod seasons, winter and spring. The temperature and relative humidity did not change between the two consecutive days sampled in each sampled season, and no thermal discomfort was observed. Changes throughout the course of the day were observed for cortisol, sAA, TEA, BChE, ADA, and CK. However, a circadian pattern was only observed for cortisol, TEA, BChE, ADA, and CK. Moreover, the values obtained for sAA, Lip, and BChE were significantly different between seasons, with different daily rhythms for cortisol, TEA, BChE, and ADA depending on the season. In conclusion, this pilot study indicates that the time of the day and the season influence salivary analytes in horses, showing a rhythmic pattern for cortisol, TEA, BChE, ADA, and CK. These factors should thus be taken into consideration for the interpretation of analytes in horse saliva.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2020-08-24 PubMed ID: 32846911PubMed Central: PMC7552333DOI: 10.3390/ani10091486Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examines how the time of day and the season can influence the levels of various chemical markers found in horse saliva, including stress and disease biomarkers. It suggests that these factors play a significant role and should be considered when analyzing these markers.

Introduction

  • The study aims to examine how circadian (daily rhythms), and circannual (yearly rhythms) changes affect a range of analytes (chemical markers) in horse saliva. The selected analytes were previously identified as potential biomarkers associated with stress and disease conditions.
  • This research is crucial as it guides the correct interpretation of these analytes when measured in horses, hence contributing to accurate diagnostics.

Methodology

  • The panel of analytes integrated cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), lipase (Lip), total esterase (TEA), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), adenosine deaminase (ADA), γ-glutamyl transferase (gGT), creatine kinase (CK), urea, total bilirubin, total protein (TP), and phosphorus.
  • Researchers collected saliva samples from five healthy mares every two hours, over two days, during two different seasons (winter and spring). This sampling design ensured the investigation of both diurnal (daily) and seasonal influences.
  • Temperature and relative humidity remained constant over the two consecutive days in each sampled season, ensuring no thermal discomfort that could potentially affect the results.

Findings

  • Changes in the levels of cortisol, sAA, TEA, BChE, ADA, and CK were noticed throughout the day. However, a regular daily pattern was only observed in the levels of cortisol, TEA, BChE, ADA, and CK.
  • Variations in the levels of sAA, Lip, and BChE were significantly different between the two seasons studied.
  • Different daily rhythms for cortisol, TEA, BChE, and ADA were observed, depending on the season.

Conclusion

  • The research indicates that the time of the day and the season significantly influence the levels of certain splivary analytes in horses, with discernible rhythmic patterns for cortisol, TEA, BChE, ADA, and CK.
  • The results stress the importance of considering both the time of the day and the season when interpreting analyte measurements from horse saliva since these factors can significantly impact the readings.

Cite This Article

APA
Contreras-Aguilar MD, Lamy E, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Quiles AJ, Hevia ML. (2020). Changes in Salivary Analytes of Horses Due to Circadian Rhythm and Season: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel), 10(9), 1486. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091486

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 9
PII: 1486

Researcher Affiliations

Contreras-Aguilar, María D
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Lamy, Elsa
  • Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal.
Escribano, Damián
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
  • Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Cerón, Jose J
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Tecles, Fernando
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Quiles, Alberto J
  • Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Hevia, María L
  • Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.

Grant Funding

  • 19894/GERM/15 / Fundaciu00f3n Su00e9neca
  • R-605/2016 / Universidad de Murcia
  • IJC2018-035105-I / Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 33 references
  1. Pfaffe T, Cooper-White J, Beyerlein P, Kostner K, Punyadeera C. Diagnostic potential of saliva: current state and future applications.. Clin Chem 2011 May;57(5):675-87.
    doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.153767pubmed: 21383043google scholar: lookup
  2. Mohamed R, Campbell JL, Cooper-White J, Dimeski G, Punyadeera C. The impact of saliva collection and processing methods on CRP, IgE, and Myoglobin immunoassays.. Clin Transl Med 2012 Sep 5;1(1):19.
    doi: 10.1186/2001-1326-1-19pmc: PMC3560976pubmed: 23369566google scholar: lookup
  3. Schmidt A, Biau S, Möstl E, Becker-Birck M, Morillon B, Aurich J, Faure JM, Aurich C. Changes in cortisol release and heart rate variability in sport horses during long-distance road transport.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010 Apr;38(3):179-89.
    doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.10.002pubmed: 19962266google scholar: lookup
  4. Kedzierski W, Strzelec K, Anna C, Kowalik S. Salivary cortisol concentration in exercised thoroughbred horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:1106–1109.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.04.011google scholar: lookup
  5. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martín-Cuervo M, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Salivary alpha-amylase activity and cortisol in horses with acute abdominal disease: a pilot study.. BMC Vet Res 2018 May 10;14(1):156.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1482-4pmc: PMC5946548pubmed: 29747642google scholar: lookup
  6. Tecles F, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, Hernández F, Contreras MD, Cerón JJ. Cholinesterase in porcine saliva: Analytical characterization and behavior after experimental stress.. Res Vet Sci 2016 Jun;106:23-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.006pubmed: 27234531google scholar: lookup
  7. Tecles F, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Martínez-Miró S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Cerón JJ. Total esterase measurement in saliva of pigs: Validation of an automated assay, characterization and changes in stress and disease conditions.. Res Vet Sci 2017 Oct;114:170-176.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.007pubmed: 28441610google scholar: lookup
  8. Baganha MF, Pêgo A, Lima MA, Gaspar EV, Cordeiro AR. Serum and pleural adenosine deaminase. Correlation with lymphocytic populations.. Chest 1990 Mar;97(3):605-10.
    doi: 10.1378/chest.97.3.605pubmed: 1689629google scholar: lookup
  9. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Henry S, Coste C, Tecles F, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Hausberger M. Changes in Saliva Analytes Correlate with Horses' Behavioural Reactions to An Acute Stressor: A Pilot Study.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Nov 18;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9110993pmc: PMC6912570pubmed: 31752194google scholar: lookup
  10. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Martín-Cuervo M, Lamy E, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Jun 6;15(1):187.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1933-6pmc: PMC6554884pubmed: 31170977google scholar: lookup
  11. Bohák Z, Szabó F, Beckers JF, Melo de Sousa N, Kutasi O, Nagy K, Szenci O. Monitoring the circadian rhythm of serum and salivary cortisol concentrations in the horse.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013 Jul;45(1):38-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.04.001pubmed: 23688596google scholar: lookup
  12. Lamia KA, Storch KF, Weitz CJ. Physiological significance of a peripheral tissue circadian clock.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008 Sep 30;105(39):15172-7.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806717105pmc: PMC2532700pubmed: 18779586google scholar: lookup
  13. Azarpeykan S, Dittmer KE, Gee EK, Marshall JC, Elder P, Acke E, Thompson KG. Circadian rhythm of calciotropic hormones, serum calcium, phosphorus and magnesium during the shortest and longest days of the year in horses in New Zealand.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016 Dec;100(6):1058-1066.
    doi: 10.1111/jpn.12477pubmed: 26841283google scholar: lookup
  14. Baker CL, Loros JJ, Dunlap JC. The circadian clock of Neurospora crassa.. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012 Jan;36(1):95-110.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00288.xpmc: PMC3203324pubmed: 21707668google scholar: lookup
  15. Ueyama T, Krout KE, Nguyen XV, Karpitskiy V, Kollert A, Mettenleiter TC, Loewy AD. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: a central autonomic clock.. Nat Neurosci 1999 Dec;2(12):1051-3.
    doi: 10.1038/15973pubmed: 10570479google scholar: lookup
  16. Ruiz S. El sueño en los animales.. Inf. Vet. 2005;4:34–37.
  17. Dallaire A. Rest behavior.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1986 Dec;2(3):591-607.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30708-3pubmed: 3492247google scholar: lookup
  18. Viksten S, Viksten E, Nyman S, Blokhuis HJ. Developing a horse welfare assessment protocol.. Anim. Welf. 2017;26:59–65.
    doi: 10.7120/09627286.26.1.059google scholar: lookup
  19. Carroll CL, Huntington PJ. Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses.. Equine Vet J 1988 Jan;20(1):41-5.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01451.xpubmed: 3366105google scholar: lookup
  20. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Hevia ML, Escribano D, Lamy E, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Effect of food contamination and collection material in the measurement of biomarkers in saliva of horses.. Res Vet Sci 2020 Apr;129:90-95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.006pubmed: 31954319google scholar: lookup
  21. Bukowski J, Aiello S. Selecting and providing a home for a horse.. In: Kahn CM, editor. The Merck/Merial Manual for Pet Health: The Complete Health Resource for Your Dog, Cat, Horse or Other Pets. Gary Zelco; Westford, MA, USA: 2008. pp. 557–560.
  22. Refinetti R, Lissen GC, Halberg F. Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms.. Biol Rhythm Res 2007;38(4):275-325.
    doi: 10.1080/09291010600903692pmc: PMC3663600pubmed: 23710111google scholar: lookup
  23. Rohleder N, Wolf JM, Maldonado EF, Kirschbaum C. The psychosocial stress-induced increase in salivary alpha-amylase is independent of saliva flow rate.. Psychophysiology 2006 Nov;43(6):645-52.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00457.xpubmed: 17076822google scholar: lookup
  24. Molcan L. Time distributed data analysis by Cosinor. Online application.. bioRxiv 2019.
    doi: 10.1101/805960google scholar: lookup
  25. Irvine CH, Alexander SL. Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in the horse.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1994 Apr;11(2):227-38.
    doi: 10.1016/0739-7240(94)90030-2pubmed: 8045104google scholar: lookup
  26. Aurich J, Wulf M, Ille N, Erber R, von Lewinski M, Palme R, Aurich C. Effects of season, age, sex, and housing on salivary cortisol concentrations in horses.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015 Jul;52:11-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.01.003pubmed: 25700267google scholar: lookup
  27. Henry S, Zanella AJ, Sankey C, Richard-Yris MA, Marko A, Hausberger M. Adults may be used to alleviate weaning stress in domestic foals (Equus caballus).. Physiol Behav 2012 Jun 25;106(4):428-38.
    doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.025pubmed: 22406387google scholar: lookup
  28. Chagoya de Sánchez V, Hernández Múñoz R, Suárez J, Vidrio S, Yáñez L, Díaz Múñoz M. Day-night variations of adenosine and its metabolizing enzymes in the brain cortex of the rat--possible physiological significance for the energetic homeostasis and the sleep-wake cycle.. Brain Res 1993 May 28;612(1-2):115-21.
    doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91651-8pubmed: 8330191google scholar: lookup
  29. Mackiewicz M, Nikonova EV, Zimmerman JE, Galante RJ, Zhang L, Cater JR, Geiger JD, Pack AI. Enzymes of adenosine metabolism in the brain: diurnal rhythm and the effect of sleep deprivation.. J Neurochem 2003 Apr;85(2):348-57.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01687.xpubmed: 12675911google scholar: lookup
  30. Piccione G, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Casella S, Caola G. A Comparison of daily rhythm of creatinine and creatine kinase in the sedentary and athlete horse.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009;29:575–580.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.05.013google scholar: lookup
  31. Rohleder N, Nater UM, Wolf JM, Ehlert U, Kirschbaum C. Psychosocial stress-induced activation of salivary alpha-amylase: an indicator of sympathetic activity?. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004 Dec;1032:258-63.
    doi: 10.1196/annals.1314.033pubmed: 15677423google scholar: lookup
  32. Lindh JD, Andersson ML, Eliasson E, Björkhem-Bergman L. Seasonal variation in blood drug concentrations and a potential relationship to vitamin D.. Drug Metab Dispos 2011 May;39(5):933-7.
    doi: 10.1124/dmd.111.038125pubmed: 21349923google scholar: lookup
  33. Tanaka Y, Deluca HF. The control of 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism by inorganic phosphorus.. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973 Feb;154(2):566-74.
    doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90010-6pubmed: 4691503google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
  1. Ortín-Bustillo A, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Muñoz-Prieto A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Trace Elements and Ferritin in Pig Saliva: Variations during Fattening, Time of Sampling, Effect of Dirtiness and Stability under Different Storage Conditions.. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023 Mar 5;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox12030649pubmed: 36978897google scholar: lookup
  2. Olvera-Maneu S, Carbajal A, Serres-Corral P, López-Béjar M. Cortisol Variations to Estimate the Physiological Stress Response in Horses at a Traditional Equestrian Event.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 24;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13030396pubmed: 36766285google scholar: lookup
  3. Muñoz-Prieto A, Cerón JJ, Rubio CP, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Pardo-Marín L, Ayala-de la Peña I, Martín-Cuervo M, Holm Henriksen IM, Arense-Gonzalo JJ, Tecles F, Hansen S. Evaluation of a Comprehensive Profile of Salivary Analytes for the Diagnosis of the Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 23;12(23).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12233261pubmed: 36496782google scholar: lookup
  4. Ortín-Bustillo A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, Botia M, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Tecles F. Evaluation of the Effect of Sampling Time on Biomarkers of Stress, Immune System, Redox Status and Other Biochemistry Analytes in Saliva of Finishing Pigs.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Aug 19;12(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12162127pubmed: 36009717google scholar: lookup
  5. Topczewska J, Krupa W, Sokołowicz Z, Lechowska J. Does Experience Make Hucul Horses More Resistant to Stress? A Pilot Study.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Nov 24;11(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11123345pubmed: 34944127google scholar: lookup
  6. Muñoz-Prieto A, Escribano D, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Horvatić A, Guillemin N, Jacobsen S, Cerón JJ, Mrljak V. Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) Proteomic Analysis of Saliva in Horses with Acute Abdominal Disease.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 30;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051304pubmed: 33946607google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.