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Scientific reports2026; 16(1); 9787; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40617-0

Characterisation of Salmonella Typhimurium from a fatal equine nosocomial outbreak and retrospective analysis of equine clinic salmonellosis cases (2010-2025).

Abstract: In 2024, a highly fatal outbreak of equine salmonellosis occurred in a Hungarian equine referral hospital, resulting in the death or euthanasia of four out of five affected horses. () subsp. serovar Typhimurium was identified as the primary causative agent from equine faecal, reflux, and post-mortem intestinal content samples, while one case involved Coeln. Extensive environmental sampling during the outbreak also yielded multiple serovars. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a high degree of genetic relatedness among the Typhimurium isolates, confirming nosocomial transmission. The source of the isolated Typhimurium was most likely a 3-year-old gelding imported immediately before the admission to the hospital. The isolates belonged to sequence type ST376 and exhibited multidrug resistance, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase and fluoroquinolone resistance genes. Retrospective analysis of microbiological records from 2010 to mid-2024 identified 23 -positive equine cases involving eight serovars and three probable nosocomial clusters preceding the 2024 outbreak. Following the outbreak, enhanced passive surveillance was implemented between October 2024 and August 2025. During this period, 56 at-risk horses were examined using selective bacteriological testing of clinical and post-mortem samples, of which 11 (19.6%) were -positive, representing eight different serovars. A distinct cluster of Martonos was detected, and six of the surveillance-associated cases resulted in fatal outcomes. These findings demonstrate that is repeatedly introduced into the equine hospital environment and that serovars differ markedly in virulence and transmission dynamics. The exceptionally high case fatality observed during the 2024 outbreak underscores the importance of integrated genomic surveillance, rapid diagnostics, and sustained infection control measures to mitigate the risk of severe nosocomial salmonellosis in equine clinics. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-40617-0.
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Publication Date: 2026-02-18 PubMed ID: 41708882PubMed Central: PMC13013971DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-40617-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study describes a deadly outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in a Hungarian equine hospital in 2024 and analyzes historical cases from 2010 to 2025 to understand the epidemiology, genetic characteristics, and control of salmonellosis in horses.

Background and Context

  • Infectious salmonellosis caused by Salmonella bacteria is an important disease in horses, often associated with nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections.
  • The study focuses on an outbreak in 2024 at a Hungarian equine referral hospital where high mortality occurred, highlighting the severity of nosocomial infections in veterinary settings.
  • Retrospective analysis covers cases from 2010 to mid-2024 and includes enhanced surveillance after the outbreak until August 2025, providing a long-term perspective on Salmonella epidemiology in this hospital.

The 2024 Outbreak Details

  • Five horses were affected, with four dying or euthanized due to severe salmonellosis.
  • Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium was identified as the main causative agent.
  • Samples taken: equine feces, gastric reflux, and intestinal contents from post-mortem examinations confirmed the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium.
  • One case involved a different serovar, Coeln, indicating some diversity in strains.
  • Environmental sampling during the outbreak isolated multiple Salmonella serovars, suggesting environmental contamination within the hospital.

Genomic Characterization

  • Whole-genome sequencing showed that Typhimurium isolates were highly genetically related, confirming transmission occurred within the hospital (nosocomial transmission).
  • The suspected index case was a 3-year-old gelding imported shortly before hospitalization, likely introducing the outbreak strain into the facility.
  • The outbreak isolates belonged to sequence type ST376.
  • These isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance, notably:
    • Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production, providing resistance to many beta-lactam antibiotics.
    • Fluoroquinolone resistance genes, limiting treatment options.

Retrospective Analysis (2010 – mid-2024)

  • Analysis of the hospital’s microbiological records identified 23 previously confirmed Salmonella-positive equine cases.
  • The isolates represented eight different serovars, indicating a diversity of Salmonella types occurring over time.
  • Three probable nosocomial clusters were detected prior to the 2024 outbreak, suggesting ongoing intermittent hospital-based transmission events.

Post-Outbreak Surveillance (Oct 2024 – Aug 2025)

  • Enhanced passive surveillance was implemented following the outbreak to monitor at-risk horses before clinical signs developed.
  • 56 horses underwent selective bacteriological testing of clinical and post-mortem samples.
  • 11 (19.6%) tested positive for Salmonella, with infections involving eight different serovars.
  • A distinct cluster of the Martonos serovar was identified during this surveillance period.
  • Notably, six of these newly detected surveillance cases were fatal, indicating the persistent threat of virulent Salmonella strains.

Implications and Conclusions

  • Salmonella strains are repeatedly introduced into the equine referral hospital setting, from both incoming animals and the hospital environment itself.
  • Different Salmonella serovars vary significantly in their virulence (ability to cause disease) and transmission dynamics (how easily they spread).
  • The 2024 outbreak’s exceptionally high fatality rate underscores the critical need for:
    • Integrated genomic surveillance to detect and trace infection sources precisely.
    • Rapid diagnostic testing for early isolation and treatment of infected horses.
    • Robust and sustained infection prevention and control protocols to reduce nosocomial salmonellosis risk.
  • This study highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring and swift response to Salmonella outbreaks in veterinary hospitals to protect equine health and reduce mortality.

Additional Resources

  • The paper includes supplementary material available online for further in-depth data and methods related to the study.

Cite This Article

APA
K-Jánosi K, Sztojka A, Kis IE, Biksi I, Bakos Z, Kaszab E, Mag T, Albert E. (2026). Characterisation of Salmonella Typhimurium from a fatal equine nosocomial outbreak and retrospective analysis of equine clinic salmonellosis cases (2010-2025). Sci Rep, 16(1), 9787. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40617-0

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
PII: 9787

Researcher Affiliations

K-Jánosi, Katalin
  • Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Üllő, Hungary. Kincses-Janosi.Katalin@univet.hu.
Sztojka, Anita
  • Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Üllő, Hungary.
Kis, István Emil
  • Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Üllő, Hungary.
Biksi, Imre
  • Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Üllő, Hungary.
Bakos, Zoltán
  • Department and Clinic of Equine Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Üllő, Hungary.
Kaszab, Eszter
  • Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
  • National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Mag, Tünde
  • Department of Laboratory of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Parasitology, National Centre for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary.
Albert, Ervin
  • Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Üllő, Hungary.
  • Centre for Metagenomics, Multidisciplinary Health Industry Coordination Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declaration. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The cadavers were referred to the Livestock Diagnostic Centre (Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Üllő, Hungary) for laboratory diagnostics. All the investigations were performed on deceased animals and organs of them, therefore ethics approval and a consent to participate are not applicable, as well as no protocol approval of any ethical committee was required. Informed consent was received from all animal owners.

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