FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary microbiology2007; 123(1-3); 122-132; doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.001

Characterization of multidrug resistant Salmonella recovered from diseased animals.

Abstract: Three hundred and eighty Salmonella isolates recovered from animal diagnostic samples obtained from four state veterinary diagnostic laboratories (AZ, NC, MO, and TN) between 2002 and 2003 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities and further characterized for bla(CMY) beta-lactamase genes, class 1 integrons and genetic relatedness using PFGE. Forty-seven serovars were identified, the most common being S. Typhimurium (26%), S. Heidelberg (9%), S, Dublin (8%), S. Newport (8%), S. Derby (7%), and S. Choleraesuis (7%). Three hundred and thirteen (82%) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 265 (70%) to three or more antimicrobials. Resistance was most often observed to tetracycline (78%), followed by streptomycin (73%), sulfamethoxazole (68%), and ampicillin (54%), and to a lesser extent chloramphenicol (37%), kanamycin (37%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (20%), and ceftiofur (17%). With regards to animal of origin, swine Salmonella isolates displayed the highest rate of resistance, being resistant to at least one antimicrobial (92%), followed by those recovered from turkey (91%), cattle (77%), chicken (68%), and equine (20%). Serovars commonly showing multidrug resistance (MDR) to > or =9 antimicrobials were S. Uganda (100%), S. Agona (79%), and S. Newport (62%), compared to S. Heidelberg (11%) and S. Typhimurium (7%). Class-1 integrons were detected in 43% of all isolates, and were found to contain aadA, aadB, dhfr, cmlA and sat1 gene cassettes alone or in various combinations. All ceftiofur resistant isolates (n=66) carried the bla(CMY) beta-lactamase gene. A total of 230 PFGE patterns were generated among the 380 isolates tested using XbaI, indicating extensive genetic diversity across recovered Salmonella serovars, however, several MDR clones were repeatedly recovered from different diseased animals.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2007-03-07 PubMed ID: 17400409DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.001Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the characteristics of drug-resistant Salmonella bacterium strains found in diseased animals. It analyzes the incidence, patterns of resistance to different antibiotics, the presence of beta-lactamase genes, and the genetic variations among 380 isolates within the United States.

Overview of the Study

  • The research conducted a comprehensive study of 380 Salmonella isolates obtained from four state veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Arizona, North Carolina, Missouri, and Tennessee from 2002-2003.
  • The study aimed to identify the strains of Salmonella present in these samples, test their susceptibility to various antimicrobials, and inspect the occurrence of bla(CMY) beta-lactamase genes and class 1 integrons thought to be responsible for antibiotic resistance.
  • Research also used PFGE (Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis) to determine the genetic relatedness of the Salmonella strains.

Findings of the Study

  • Among the 380 isolates, 47 different serovars (subspecies of bacteria) were found. The most frequently encountered serovars were S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg, S. Dublin, S. Newport, S. Derby, and S. Choleraesuis.
  • A significant proportion of isolates, 313 (or 82%), showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial medication, with over a quarter (70%) displaying resistance to at least three.
  • The most prevalent resistances were to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin. Resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and ceftiofur was also noted, though less frequently.
  • Swine were found to be the species most affected by drug-resistant Salmonella, with resistance to at least one antimicrobial in 92% of cases. This was followed by turkeys at 91%, cattle at 77%, chickens at 68%, and equines at 20%.
  • Particular serovars demonstrated extensive multidrug resistance (MDR) to nine or more antimicrobials e.g., S. Uganda, S. Agona, and S. Newport.

Implications of the Study

  • Class 1 integrons, known to confer resistance to antibiotics, were detected in 43% of isolates.
  • All isolates resistant to ceftiofur carried the bla(CMY) beta-lactamase gene, which is associated with resistance to this antibiotic.
  • The PFGE analysis revealed 230 distinct genetic patterns, suggesting a high degree of genetic diversity among the Salmonella serovars.
  • However, numerous multi-drug resistant clones were repeatedly found in different diseased animals, suggesting that certain resistant strains might be spreading across species.

Cite This Article

APA
Zhao S, McDermott PF, White DG, Qaiyumi S, Friedman SL, Abbott JW, Glenn A, Ayers SL, Post KW, Fales WH, Wilson RB, Reggiardo C, Walker RD. (2007). Characterization of multidrug resistant Salmonella recovered from diseased animals. Vet Microbiol, 123(1-3), 122-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.001

Publication

Veterinary microbiology
ISSN: 0378-1135
NlmUniqueID: 7705469
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 123
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 122-132

Researcher Affiliations

Zhao, S
  • Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA. shaohua.zhao@FDA.HHS.GOV
McDermott, P F
    White, D G
      Qaiyumi, S
        Friedman, S L
          Abbott, J W
            Glenn, A
              Ayers, S L
                Post, K W
                  Fales, W H
                    Wilson, R B
                      Reggiardo, C
                        Walker, R D

                          MeSH Terms

                          • Animals
                          • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
                          • Cattle
                          • Chickens / microbiology
                          • Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
                          • Horses / microbiology
                          • Integrons
                          • Phylogeny
                          • Salmonella / drug effects
                          • Salmonella / isolation & purification
                          • Salmonella Infections, Animal / microbiology
                          • Swine / microbiology
                          • Turkeys / microbiology

                          Citations

                          This article has been cited 31 times.
                          1. Alarjani KM, Elkhadragy MF, Al-Masoud AH, Yehia HM. Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella typhimurium in chicken using PCR for virulence factor hipO and invA genes (Saudi Arabia). Biosci Rep 2021 Sep 30;41(9).
                            doi: 10.1042/BSR20211790pubmed: 34519329google scholar: lookup
                          2. Meneguzzi M, Pissetti C, Rebelatto R, Trachsel J, Kuchiishi SS, Reis AT, Guedes RMC, Leão JA, Reichen C, Kich JD. Re-Emergence of Salmonellosis in Hog Farms: Outbreak and Bacteriological Characterization. Microorganisms 2021 Apr 27;9(5).
                            doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9050947pubmed: 33925758google scholar: lookup
                          3. Levent G, Anderson RC, Petrujkić B, Poole TL, He H, Genovese KJ, Hume ME, Beier RC, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ. Evaluation of Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside as a Potential Prebiotic Intervention to Reduce Carriage of Zoonotic Pathogens in Weaned and Feeder Pigs. Microorganisms 2021 Apr 16;9(4).
                            doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9040860pubmed: 33923741google scholar: lookup
                          4. Sun F, Li X, Wang Y, Wang F, Ge H, Pan Z, Xu Y, Wang Y, Jiao X, Chen X. Epidemic patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum isolates in China during the past half-century. Poult Sci 2021 Mar;100(3):100894.
                            doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.007pubmed: 33652525google scholar: lookup
                          5. Zakaria Z, Hassan L, Sharif Z, Ahmad N, Ali RM, Husin SA, Hazis NHBA, Sohaimi NFM, Bakar SA, Garba B. Analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from chickens and chicken meat products in Malaysia using PFGE, and MLST. BMC Vet Res 2020 Oct 17;16(1):393.
                            doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02605-ypubmed: 33069231google scholar: lookup
                          6. Zhao S, Li C, Hsu CH, Tyson GH, Strain E, Tate H, Tran TT, Abbott J, McDermott PF. Comparative Genomic Analysis of 450 Strains of Salmonellaenterica Isolated from Diseased Animals. Genes (Basel) 2020 Sep 1;11(9).
                            doi: 10.3390/genes11091025pubmed: 32883017google scholar: lookup
                          7. Cooper AL, Low AJ, Koziol AG, Thomas MC, Leclair D, Tamber S, Wong A, Blais BW, Carrillo CD. Systematic Evaluation of Whole Genome Sequence-Based Predictions of Salmonella Serotype and Antimicrobial Resistance. Front Microbiol 2020;11:549.
                            doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00549pubmed: 32318038google scholar: lookup
                          8. Li Q, Yin J, Li Z, Li Z, Du Y, Guo W, Bellefleur M, Wang S, Shi H. Serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes of Salmonella isolated from a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, China. AMB Express 2019 Dec 28;9(1):210.
                            doi: 10.1186/s13568-019-0936-9pubmed: 31884559google scholar: lookup
                          9. Vilela FP, Dos Prazeres Rodrigues D, Costa RG, Casas MRT, Falcão JP, Campioni F. High similarity and high frequency of virulence genes among Salmonella Dublin strains isolated over a 33-year period in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020 Jun;51(2):497-509.
                            doi: 10.1007/s42770-019-00156-5pubmed: 31701384google scholar: lookup
                          10. Mangat CS, Bekal S, Avery BP, Côté G, Daignault D, Doualla-Bell F, Finley R, Lefebvre B, Bharat A, Parmley EJ, Reid-Smith RJ, Longtin J, Irwin RJ, Mulvey MR. Genomic Investigation of the Emergence of Invasive Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Dublin in Humans and Animals in Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019 Jun;63(6).
                            doi: 10.1128/AAC.00108-19pubmed: 31036694google scholar: lookup
                          11. Leon IM, Lawhon SD, Norman KN, Threadgill DS, Ohta N, Vinasco J, Scott HM. Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance among Salmonella enterica Isolates from Patients at an Equine Referral Hospital. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018 Jul 1;84(13).
                            doi: 10.1128/AEM.02829-17pubmed: 29678910google scholar: lookup
                          12. Alegria-Moran R, Rivera D, Toledo V, Moreno-Switt AI, Hamilton-West C. First detection and characterization of Salmonella spp. in poultry and swine raised in backyard production systems in central Chile. Epidemiol Infect 2017 Nov;145(15):3180-3190.
                            doi: 10.1017/S0950268817002175pubmed: 28927474google scholar: lookup
                          13. Cameron A, McAllister TA. Antimicrobial usage and resistance in beef production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016;7:68.
                            doi: 10.1186/s40104-016-0127-3pubmed: 27999667google scholar: lookup
                          14. Hong S, Rovira A, Davies P, Ahlstrom C, Muellner P, Rendahl A, Olsen K, Bender JB, Wells S, Perez A, Alvarez J. Serotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Recovered from Clinical Samples from Cattle and Swine in Minnesota, 2006 to 2015. PLoS One 2016;11(12):e0168016.
                            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168016pubmed: 27936204google scholar: lookup
                          15. Habing GG, Manning S, Bolin C, Cui Y, Rudrik J, Dietrich S, Kaneene JB. Within-Farm Changes in Dairy Farm-Associated Salmonella Subtypes and Comparison to Human Clinical Isolates in Michigan, 2000-2001 and 2009. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015 Sep 1;81(17):5724-35.
                            doi: 10.1128/AEM.00899-15pubmed: 26070676google scholar: lookup
                          16. Li B, Vellidis G, Liu H, Jay-Russell M, Zhao S, Hu Z, Wright A, Elkins CA. Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica isolates from surface water in Southeastern United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014 Oct;80(20):6355-65.
                            doi: 10.1128/AEM.02063-14pubmed: 25107969google scholar: lookup
                          17. Hecht D, Fogel GB. Modeling the evolution of drug resistance in malaria. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2012 Dec;26(12):1343-53.
                            doi: 10.1007/s10822-012-9618-2pubmed: 23179493google scholar: lookup
                          18. Münch S, Braun P, Wernery U, Kinne J, Pees M, Flieger A, Tietze E, Rabsch W. Prevalence, serovars, phage types, and antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella strains isolated from animals in the United Arab Emirates from 1996 to 2009. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012 Oct;44(7):1725-38.
                            doi: 10.1007/s11250-012-0130-4pubmed: 22476789google scholar: lookup
                          19. Zhao S, Blickenstaff K, Bodeis-Jones S, Gaines SA, Tong E, McDermott PF. Comparison of the prevalences and antimicrobial resistances of Escherichia coli isolates from different retail meats in the United States, 2002 to 2008. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012 Mar;78(6):1701-7.
                            doi: 10.1128/AEM.07522-11pubmed: 22247155google scholar: lookup
                          20. Brichta-Harhay DM, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Kalchayanand N, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Diversity of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011 Mar;77(5):1783-96.
                            doi: 10.1128/AEM.01885-10pubmed: 21239549google scholar: lookup
                          21. Zhao S, Blickenstaff K, Glenn A, Ayers SL, Friedman SL, Abbott JW, McDermott PF. beta-Lactam resistance in salmonella strains isolated from retail meats in the United States by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System between 2002 and 2006. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009 Dec;75(24):7624-30.
                            doi: 10.1128/AEM.01158-09pubmed: 19854922google scholar: lookup
                          22. Vigo GB, Cappuccio JA, Piñeyro PE, Salve A, Machuca MA, Quiroga MA, Moredo F, Giacoboni G, Cancer JL, Caffer IG, Binsztein N, Pichel M, Perfumo CJ. Salmonella enterica subclinical infection: bacteriological, serological, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and antimicrobial resistance profiles--longitudinal study in a three-site farrow-to-finish farm. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009 Oct;6(8):965-72.
                            doi: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0239pubmed: 19642916google scholar: lookup
                          23. Wiesner M, Zaidi MB, Calva E, Fernández-Mora M, Calva JJ, Silva C. Association of virulence plasmid and antibiotic resistance determinants with chromosomal multilocus genotypes in Mexican Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains. BMC Microbiol 2009 Jul 3;9:131.
                            doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-131pubmed: 19573249google scholar: lookup
                          24. Dorr PM, Tadesse DA, Zewde BM, Fry P, Thakur S, Gebreyes WA. Longitudinal study of Salmonella dispersion and the role of environmental contamination in commercial swine production systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009 Mar;75(6):1478-86.
                            doi: 10.1128/AEM.01632-08pubmed: 19139233google scholar: lookup
                          25. Kakooza S, Mahero M, Munyiirwa DFN, Eneku W, Nabatta E, Ssajjakambwe P, Athieno G, Namuyinda D, Kayaga EB, Onyuth H, Wampande EM, Mutebi F, Kaneene JB. Multidrug Resistance in Bacterial Isolates from Clinical Samples Submitted to a National Veterinary Diagnostic Facility in Uganda (2014-2020): A Retrospective Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2025 Dec 16;14(12).
                            doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14121276pubmed: 41463777google scholar: lookup
                          26. Pino-Vera R, Abreu-Acosta N, Afonso O, Foronda P. Potentially Zoonotic Bacteria in Exotic Freshwater Turtles from the Canary Islands (Spain). Biology (Basel) 2025 Dec 6;14(12).
                            doi: 10.3390/biology14121753pubmed: 41463526google scholar: lookup
                          27. Cevallos-Almeida M, Gómez C, Cajas B, Almachi A, Rose V, Denis M, Kerouanton A. Salmonella in pigs slaughtered in Ecuador: prevalence, serotypes, genotypes and antibiotic resistance. Vet Anim Sci 2025 Dec;30:100548.
                            doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2025.100548pubmed: 41399702google scholar: lookup
                          28. Kabir A, Lamichhane B, Habib T, Adams A, El-Sheikh Ali H, Slovis NM, Troedsson MHT, Helmy YA. Antimicrobial Resistance in Equines: A Growing Threat to Horse Health and Beyond-A Comprehensive Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024 Jul 29;13(8).
                            doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13080713pubmed: 39200013google scholar: lookup
                          29. Li G, Huang J, Cai Q, Wei Z, Pen G, Li Z, Wang J, Zhai L. Analysis of Osmotic Tolerance, Physiological Characteristics, and Gene Expression of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype Derby. ACS Omega 2023 Oct 3;8(39):36088-36099.
                            doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04257pubmed: 37810736google scholar: lookup
                          30. Hsu CH, Li C, Hoffmann M, McDermott P, Abbott J, Ayers S, Tyson GH, Tate H, Yao K, Allard M, Zhao S. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Virulence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Plasmid Profiles of Salmonella Dublin Isolated from Sick Cattle, Retail Beef, and Humans in the United States. Microb Drug Resist 2019 Oct;25(8):1238-1249.
                            doi: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0045pubmed: 31149890google scholar: lookup
                          31. Ren C, Zhao Y, Shen Y. Analysis of the effect of integrons on drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by multiplex PCR detection. Mol Med Rep 2013 Mar;7(3):719-24.
                            doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1284pubmed: 23337960google scholar: lookup
                          Subscribe to our newsletter
                          Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.