FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
BMC veterinary research2020; 16(1); 384; doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02574-2

Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions in four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study.

Abstract: Measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) can provide information about cell-mediated immunity. This report's objective was to study the enzymatic activity of total ADA (tADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 in canine, equine, porcine, and bovine serum and saliva and their changes in different inflammatory situations in each species. Besides, an automated method for ADA2 measurement was developed and validated. Results: tADA was present in serum and saliva of healthy animals of the four species. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) concentration of 0.47 mM was needed for ADA1 inhibition in canine and porcine samples (serum and saliva) and bovine saliva, whereas for equine saliva 0.94 mM was needed. ADA2 activity was not detected in bovine serum and was very low or absent in equine serum and bovine saliva. An automated procedure to measure ADA2 consisting of adding EHNA to a commercial reagent for tADA measurement provided repetitive (coefficients of variation < 8.8% in serum and  0.90) results, being equivalent to a manual incubation of the sample with EHNA at a similar concentration. Salivary tADA, as well as ADA1 and ADA2, were higher in dogs with leishmaniosis, horses with acute abdominal disease and pigs with lameness than in healthy animals. tADA and isoenzymes in saliva showed a positive significant correlation with serum ferritin in dogs (r = 0.602, P < 0.01; r = 0.555, P < 0.05; and r = 0.632, P < 0.01; respectively for tADA, ADA1 and ADA2) and serum C-reactive protein in pigs (r = 0.700, P < 0.01, for both tADA and ADA1; r = 0.770, P < 0.001, for ADA2), whereas salivary ADA2 significantly correlated with serum amyloid A in horses (r = 0.649, P < 0.01). In cows, salivary tADA and ADA1 significantly increased after calving, correlating with total white blood cell count (r = 0.487, P < 0.05, for both tADA and ADA1). Conclusions: The activity of total ADA and its different isoenzymes, can be measured in serum and saliva of dogs, horses, pigs and cows by a simple and fast procedure described in this report. When measured in saliva, these analytes correlated with other biomarkers of inflammation and it could potentially be used as a biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation in the species of this study.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2020-10-12 PubMed ID: 33046093PubMed Central: PMC7549231DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02574-2Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Validation Study

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research pilot study investigates the enzymatic activity of total adenosine deaminase (tADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 in dogs, horses, pigs, and cows. The researchers also develop and validate an automated method for ADA2 measurement, and observe the changes in ADA levels in different inflammatory situations within each species.

ADA Activity and its Isoenzymes in Different Species

  • An enzyme called adenosine deaminase (ADA) can provide information about the immune response within an organism. This study focuses on the measurement of this enzyme and its different types (ADA1 and ADA2) within the blood and saliva of four different species: dogs, horses, pigs, and cows.
  • The total ADA (tADA) enzyme and its forms were found to be present in the serum and saliva of healthy animals across all four species.
  • The researchers note that certain concentrations of a substance called Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) were necessary to inhibit ADA1 activity in specific species and their serum or saliva samples. However, ADA2 activity could not be detected in the cow’s blood and was very low or absent in horse blood and cow saliva.

Automated Procedure for ADA2 Measurement

  • The researchers also developed an automated method to measure ADA2. This method included adding EHNA to a commercial reagent for tADA measurement, which successfully provided consistent and accurate results.
  • This automated procedure was shown to be equivalent to a manual process of sample incubation with EHNA at a similar concentration.

ADA Levels in Health and Disease

  • Observations revealed that the levels of tADA, as well as ADA1 and ADA2, were higher in dogs with leishmaniosis, horses with acute abdominal disease, and pigs with lameness, compared to their healthy counterparts.
  • Notably, the ADA levels in saliva were significantly correlated with other disease markers such as ferritin in dogs, C-reactive protein in pigs, and serum amyloid A in horses. Meanwhile, in cows, increased levels of ADA in saliva were observed after calving, which showed a correlation with their total white blood cell count.

Overall Conclusion

  • In conclusion, this study successfully demonstrated that the activity of ADA and its isoenzymes can be measured in both serum and saliva samples of dogs, horses, pigs, and cows. Moreover, they showed this measurement could be obtained through a simple and fast procedure.
  • When measured in saliva, the ADA levels correlated with other known biomarkers for inflammation, suggesting that they could potentially serve as additional indicators of inflammation and immune activation in these species.

Cite This Article

APA
Contreras-Aguilar MD, Tvarijonaviciute A, Monkeviciene I, Martín-Cuervo M, González-Arostegui LG, Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Escribano D. (2020). Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions in four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study. BMC Vet Res, 16(1), 384. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02574-2

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 384
PII: 384

Researcher Affiliations

Contreras-Aguilar, María Dolores
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
Tvarijonaviciute, Asta
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
Monkeviciene, Ingrida
  • Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Research Center of Digestive Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Martín-Cuervo, María
  • Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cáceres, University of Extremadura, Av. De la Universidad s/n, 10005, Cáceres, Spain.
González-Arostegui, Luis Guillermo
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
Franco-Martínez, Lorena
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
Cerón, José Joaquín
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
Tecles, Fernando
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
Escribano, Damián
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain. det20165@um.es.

MeSH Terms

  • Adenine / analogs & derivatives
  • Adenosine Deaminase / blood
  • Adenosine Deaminase / metabolism
  • Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors
  • Animals
  • Automation
  • Biomarkers / blood
  • Biomarkers / metabolism
  • Cattle / blood
  • Cattle / metabolism
  • Clinical Enzyme Tests / methods
  • Clinical Enzyme Tests / veterinary
  • Dogs / blood
  • Dogs / metabolism
  • Horses / blood
  • Horses / metabolism
  • Inflammation / blood
  • Inflammation / enzymology
  • Inflammation / veterinary
  • Isoenzymes / blood
  • Isoenzymes / metabolism
  • Saliva / metabolism
  • Swine / blood
  • Swine / metabolism

Grant Funding

  • 19849/GERM/15 / Fundaciu00f3n Su00e9neca
  • R-605/2016 / Universidad de Murcia
  • R-605/2016 / Universidad de Murcia
  • IJC2018-035105-I / Ministerio de Economu00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espau00f1a

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

This article includes 54 references
  1. Sögüt S, Aydin E, Elyas H, Aksoy N, Ozyurt H, Totan Y, Akyol O. The activities of serum adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase enzymes in Behcet's disease.. Clin Chim Acta 2002 Nov;325(1-2):133-8.
    doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00278-4pubmed: 12367777google scholar: lookup
  2. MacDermott RP, Tritsch GL, Formeister JF. Adenosine deaminase and nucleoside phosphorylase activities in normal human blood mononuclear cell subpopulations.. Clin Exp Immunol 1980 Nov;42(2):303-7.
    pmc: PMC1537102pubmed: 6781801
  3. Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling--an overview.. Novartis Found Symp 2006;276:26-48; discussion 48-57, 275-81.
    pubmed: 16805422
  4. Santosh UP, Renukananda GS, Abhilash S. Role of Adenosine Deaminase in Common Chronic ENT Infections.. J Clin Diagn Res 2016 Mar;10(3):MC01-2.
    pmc: PMC4843290pubmed: 27134904doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/18452.7347google scholar: lookup
  5. Zavialov AV, Gracia E, Glaichenhaus N, Franco R, Zavialov AV, Lauvau G. Human adenosine deaminase 2 induces differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and stimulates proliferation of T helper cells and macrophages.. J Leukoc Biol 2010 Aug;88(2):279-90.
    doi: 10.1189/jlb.1109764pubmed: 20453107google scholar: lookup
  6. Giannelou A, Zhou Q, Kastner DL. When less is more: primary immunodeficiency with an autoinflammatory kick.. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014 Dec;14(6):491-500.
    doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000117pmc: PMC4212813pubmed: 25337682google scholar: lookup
  7. Van Eyck L Jr, Hershfield MS, Pombal D, Kelly SJ, Ganson NJ, Moens L, Frans G, Schaballie H, De Hertogh G, Dooley J, Bossuyt X, Wouters C, Liston A, Meyts I. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation rescues the immunologic phenotype and prevents vasculopathy in patients with adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015 Jan;135(1):283-7.e5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.010pmc: PMC4282724pubmed: 25457153google scholar: lookup
  8. Zavialov AV, Engström A. Human ADA2 belongs to a new family of growth factors with adenosine deaminase activity.. Biochem J 2005 Oct 1;391(Pt 1):51-7.
    doi: 10.1042/BJ20050683pmc: PMC1237138pubmed: 15926889google scholar: lookup
  9. Zhou Q, Yang D, Ombrello AK, Zavialov AV, Toro C, Zavialov AV, Stone DL, Chae JJ, Rosenzweig SD, Bishop K, Barron KS, Kuehn HS, Hoffmann P, Negro A, Tsai WL, Cowen EW, Pei W, Milner JD, Silvin C, Heller T, Chin DT, Patronas NJ, Barber JS, Lee CC, Wood GM, Ling A, Kelly SJ, Kleiner DE, Mullikin JC, Ganson NJ, Kong HH, Hambleton S, Candotti F, Quezado MM, Calvo KR, Alao H, Barham BK, Jones A, Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Kasner SE, Rich SS, Goldbach-Mansky R, Abinun M, Chalom E, Gotte AC, Punaro M, Pascual V, Verbsky JW, Torgerson TR, Singer NG, Gershon TR, Ozen S, Karadag O, Fleisher TA, Remmers EF, Burgess SM, Moir SL, Gadina M, Sood R, Hershfield MS, Boehm M, Kastner DL, Aksentijevich I. Early-onset stroke and vasculopathy associated with mutations in ADA2.. N Engl J Med 2014 Mar 6;370(10):911-20.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1307361pmc: PMC4193683pubmed: 24552284google scholar: lookup
  10. Thompson LF, Seegmiller JE. Adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency disease.. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 1980;51:167-210.
    pubmed: 6255772doi: 10.1002/9780470122969.ch4google scholar: lookup
  11. van Well GTJ, Kant B, van Nistelrooij A, Sirma Ekmekci S, Henriet SV, Hoppenreijs E, van Deuren M, van Montfrans J, Nierkens S, Gül A, van Gijn ME. Phenotypic variability including Behçet's disease-like manifestations in DADA2 patients due to a homozygous c.973-2A>G splice site mutation.. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2019 Nov-Dec;37 Suppl 121(6):142-146.
    pubmed: 31856934
  12. Meyts I, Aksentijevich I. Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase 2 (DADA2): Updates on the Phenotype, Genetics, Pathogenesis, and Treatment.. J Clin Immunol 2018 Jul;38(5):569-578.
    doi: 10.1007/s10875-018-0525-8pmc: PMC6061100pubmed: 29951947google scholar: lookup
  13. Köse K, Yazici C, Aşşioğlu O. The evaluation of lipid peroxidation and adenosine deaminase activity in patients with Behçet's disease.. Clin Biochem 2001 Mar;34(2):125-9.
    doi: 10.1016/S0009-9120(01)00190-4pubmed: 11311222google scholar: lookup
  14. Calis M, Ates F, Yazici C, Kose K, Kirnap M, Demir M, Borlu M, Evereklioglu C. Adenosine deaminase enzyme levels, their relation with disease activity, and the effect of colchicine on adenosine deaminase levels in patients with Behçet's disease.. Rheumatol Int 2005 Aug;25(6):452-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s00296-005-0612-zpubmed: 15868151google scholar: lookup
  15. Piras MA, Gakis C, Budroni M, Andreoni G. Adenosine deaminase activity in pleural effusions: an aid to differential diagnosis.. Br Med J 1978 Dec 23-30;2(6154):1751-2.
    doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6154.1751-apmc: PMC1610017pubmed: 737480google scholar: lookup
  16. Baganha MF, Pêgo A, Lima MA, Gaspar EV, Cordeiro AR. Serum and pleural adenosine deaminase. Correlation with lymphocytic populations.. Chest 1990 Mar;97(3):605-10.
    doi: 10.1378/chest.97.3.605pubmed: 1689629google scholar: lookup
  17. Mishra OP, Gupta BL, Ali Z, Nath G, Chandra L. Adenosine deaminase activity in typhoid fever.. Indian Pediatr 1994 Nov;31(11):1379-84.
    pubmed: 7896337
  18. Hitoglou S, Hatzistilianou M, Gougoustamou D, Athanassiadou F, Kotsis A, Catriu D. Adenosine deaminase activity and its isoenzyme pattern in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.. Clin Rheumatol 2001;20(6):411-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s100670170005pubmed: 11771524google scholar: lookup
  19. Ziaee V, Amiran A, Moradinejad MH, Haghi-Ashtiani MT. Evaluation of serum adenosine deaminase changes before and after treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.. Ann Paediatr Rheumatol 2013;2:21–26.
    doi: 10.5455/apr.021820131558google scholar: lookup
  20. Sari RA, Taysi S, Yilmaz O, Bakan N. Correlation of serum levels of adenosine deaminase activity and its isoenzymes with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis.. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003 Jan-Feb;21(1):87-90.
    pubmed: 12673895
  21. Ghaderi B, Amini S, Maroofi F, Jalali C, Javanmardi M, Roshani D, Abdi M. Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Healthy Subjects.. Iran J Cancer Prev 2016 Jun;9(3):e5069.
    doi: 10.17795/ijcp-5069pmc: PMC5038830pubmed: 27703646google scholar: lookup
  22. Mahajan M, Tiwari N, Sharma R, Kaur S, Singh N. Oxidative stress and its relationship with adenosine deaminase activity in various stages of breast cancer.. Indian J Clin Biochem 2013 Jan;28(1):51-4.
    doi: 10.1007/s12291-012-0244-5pmc: PMC3547448pubmed: 24381421google scholar: lookup
  23. Pirinççi N, Geçit I, Güneş M, Yüksel MB, Kaba M, Tanık S, Demir H, Aslan M. Serum adenosine deaminase, catalase and carbonic anhydrase activities in patients with bladder cancer.. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012 Dec;67(12):1443-6.
    doi: 10.6061/clinics/2012(12)15pmc: PMC3521808pubmed: 23295599google scholar: lookup
  24. Aktardesh B, Ghalkhani N, Abshenas J, Nematollahi H, Sharifi H. Serum adenosine deaminase as a diagnostic marker of chronic infectious disease in dogs.. Online J Vet Res 2013;17:592–595.
  25. Altuğ N, Yüksek N, Ağaoğlu ZT, Keleş I. Determination of adenosine deaminase activity in cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008 Aug;40(6):449-56.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-007-9119-9pubmed: 18575973google scholar: lookup
  26. Tecles F, Rubio CP, Contreras-Aguilar MD, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Miró S, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. Adenosine deaminase activity in pig saliva: analytical validation of two spectrophotometric assays.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018 Jan;30(1):175-179.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638717742947pmc: PMC6504151pubmed: 29145785google scholar: lookup
  27. Lee YH, Wong DT. Saliva: an emerging biofluid for early detection of diseases.. Am J Dent 2009 Aug;22(4):241-8.
    pmc: PMC2860957pubmed: 19824562
  28. Yoshizawa JM, Schafer CA, Schafer JJ, Farrell JJ, Paster BJ, Wong DT. Salivary biomarkers: toward future clinical and diagnostic utilities.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013 Oct;26(4):781-91.
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.00021-13pmc: PMC3811231pubmed: 24092855google scholar: lookup
  29. Rai B, Kaur J, Jacobs R, Anand SC. Adenosine deaminase in saliva as a diagnostic marker of squamous cell carcinoma of tongue.. Clin Oral Investig 2011 Jun;15(3):347-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s00784-010-0404-zpubmed: 20379753google scholar: lookup
  30. Tvarijonaviciute A, Zamora C, Martinez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Pina F, Lopez-Jornet P. Salivary adiponectin, but not adenosine deaminase, correlates with clinical signs in women with Sjögren's syndrome: a pilot study.. Clin Oral Investig 2019 Mar;23(3):1407-1414.
    doi: 10.1007/s00784-018-2570-3pubmed: 30030617google scholar: lookup
  31. Chielle EO, Bonfanti G, De Bona KS, Moresco RN, Moretto MB. Adenosine deaminase, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activities and lipid peroxidation are increased in the saliva of obese young adult.. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015 Jun;53(7):1041-7.
    doi: 10.1515/cclm-2014-1086pubmed: 25527815google scholar: lookup
  32. Tecles F, Escribano D, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, Szczubiał M, Cerón JJ, Dąbrowski R, Tvarijonaviciute A. Evaluation of adenosine deaminase in saliva and serum, and salivary α-amylase, in canine pyometra at diagnosis and after ovariohysterectomy.. Vet J 2018 Jun;236:102-110.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.018pubmed: 29871742google scholar: lookup
  33. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Martín-Cuervo M, Lamy E, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Jun 6;15(1):187.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1933-6pmc: PMC6554884pubmed: 31170977google scholar: lookup
  34. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Quiles A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Hevia ML, Tecles F. Evaluation of new biomarkers of stress in saliva of sheep.. Animal 2019 Jun;13(6):1278-1286.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731118002707pubmed: 30362447google scholar: lookup
  35. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Monkeviciene I, Ceron JJ, Silinskas I, Vallejo-Mateo PJ, Tecles F, Martinez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Zelvyte R. Biochemical changes in saliva of cows with inflammation: A pilot study.. Res Vet Sci 2019 Jun;124:383-386.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.019pubmed: 31075616google scholar: lookup
  36. Tanabe T. Adenosine deaminase activities in the sera and tissues of animals and their clinical significance.. Jpn J Vet Res 1993;41:52.
  37. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, López-Arjona M, Rubio CP, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Application of a score for evaluation of pain, distress and discomfort in pigs with lameness and prolapses: correlation with saliva biomarkers and severity of the disease.. Res Vet Sci 2019 Oct;126:155-163.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.004pubmed: 31494378google scholar: lookup
  38. Muraoka T, Katsuramaki T, Shiraishi H, Yokoyama MM. Automated enzymatic measurement of adenosine deaminase isoenzyme activities in serum.. Anal Biochem 1990 Jun;187(2):268-72.
    doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90455-Ipubmed: 2382828google scholar: lookup
  39. Eckersall PD. Calibration of Novel Protein Biomarkers for Veterinary Clinical Pathology: A Call for International Action.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:210.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00210pmc: PMC6614203pubmed: 31312640google scholar: lookup
  40. Parra MD, Tecles F, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. C-reactive protein measurement in canine saliva.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005 Mar;17(2):139-44.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870501700207pubmed: 15825494google scholar: lookup
  41. Leo M, Kolb E, Siebert P, Dittrich H. [Adenosine deaminase activity in blood and tissues of horses of the Rassen Haflinger and Thüringer Kaltblut breeds].. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1995 Oct;102(10):405-7.
    pubmed: 8591742
  42. Tax WJ, Veerkamp JH. Activity of adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of man, horse and cattle.. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1978;61(3):439-41.
    doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90151-7pubmed: 122570google scholar: lookup
  43. Gutiérrez AM, De La Cruz-Sánchez E, Montes A, Sotillo J, Gutiérrez-Panizo C, Fuentes P, Tornel PL, Cabezas-Herrera J. Easy and non-invasive disease detection in pigs by adenosine deaminase activity determinations in saliva.. PLoS One 2017;12(6):e0179299.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179299pmc: PMC5464646pubmed: 28594948google scholar: lookup
  44. Fritzen A, Albani KD, Machado G, Bottari NB, Alves MS, Schetinger MRC. Relation between calcium levels and adenosine deaminase activity in serum in pre and postpartum of dairy cow.. Comp Clin Pathol 2016;25:1201–1205.
    doi: 10.1007/s00580-016-2329-7google scholar: lookup
  45. Humblet MF, Guyot H, Boudry B, Mbayahi F, Hanzen C, Rollin F, Godeau JM. Relationship between haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and clinical status in a survey of dairy herds during a 6-month period.. Vet Clin Pathol 2006 Jun;35(2):188-93.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2006.tb00112.xpubmed: 16783711google scholar: lookup
  46. Galanti B, Nardiello S, Russo M, Fiorentino F. Increased lymphocyte adenosine deaminase in typhoid fever.. Scand J Infect Dis 1981;13(1):47-50.
    doi: 10.1080/00365548.1981.11690366pubmed: 7244559google scholar: lookup
  47. Muñoz-Prieto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. Use of heterologous immunoassays for quantification of serum proteins: The case of canine C-reactive protein.. PLoS One 2017;12(2):e0172188.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172188pmc: PMC5319752pubmed: 28222144google scholar: lookup
  48. Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Martýnez-Subiela S. Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives.. Vet Clin Pathol 2005 Jun;34(2):85-99.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00019.xpubmed: 15902658google scholar: lookup
  49. Jacobsen S, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Hagbard Petersen H, Jensen AL. Evaluation of a commercially available human serum amyloid A (SAA) turbidometric immunoassay for determination of equine SAA concentrations.. Vet J 2006 Sep;172(2):315-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.04.021pubmed: 15950503google scholar: lookup
  50. Tourlomoussis P, Eckersall PD, Waterson MM, Buncic S. A comparison of acute phase protein measurements and meat inspection findings in cattle.. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2004 Winter;1(4):281-90.
    doi: 10.1089/fpd.2004.1.281pubmed: 15992290google scholar: lookup
  51. Pardo-Marin L, Ceron JJ, Tecles F, Baneth G, Martínez-Subiela S. Comparison of acute phase proteins in different clinical classification systems for canine leishmaniosis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020 Jan;219:109958.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109958pubmed: 31655216google scholar: lookup
  52. Main DC, Clegg J, Spatz A, Green LE. Repeatability of a lameness scoring system for finishing pigs.. Vet Rec 2000 Nov 11;147(20):574-6.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.147.20.574pubmed: 11104042google scholar: lookup
  53. Alvarez I, Gutiérrez G, Gammella M, Martínez C, Politzki R, González C, Caviglia L, Carignano H, Fondevila N, Poli M, Trono K. Evaluation of total white blood cell count as a marker for proviral load of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle from herds with a high seroprevalence of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus.. Am J Vet Res 2013 May;74(5):744-9.
    pubmed: 23627387doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.5.744google scholar: lookup
  54. Hinkle DE, Wiersma W, Jurs SG. Applied statistics for the behavioural science. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 2003.

Citations

This article has been cited 26 times.
  1. Rodrigues M, López-Martinez MJ, Ortin-Bustillo A, Cerón JJ, Martinez-Subiela S, Muñoz-Prieto A, Lamy E. Changes in the Saliva Proteome of Pigs with Diarrhoea Caused by Escherichia coli. Proteomes 2023 Apr 3;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/proteomes11020014pubmed: 37092455google scholar: lookup
  2. Castillo C, Hernandez J, Sotillo J, Muiño R, Benedito JL, Montes A, Arana R, Matas-Quintanilla M, Panizo CG, Montes AMG. Is adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in saliva and serum a more accurate disease detection tool than traditional redox balance parameters in early-lactating dairy cows?. Vet Res Commun 2023 Sep;47(3):1255-1262.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10069-2pubmed: 36607499google scholar: lookup
  3. Barroso P, Relimpio D, Zearra JA, Cerón JJ, Palencia P, Cardoso B, Ferreras E, Escobar M, Cáceres G, López-Olvera JR, Gortázar C. Using integrated wildlife monitoring to prevent future pandemics through one health approach. One Health 2023 Jun;16:100479.
    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100479pubmed: 36600947google scholar: lookup
  4. Muñoz-Prieto A, Cerón JJ, Rubio CP, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Pardo-Marín L, Ayala-de la Peña I, Martín-Cuervo M, Holm Henriksen IM, Arense-Gonzalo JJ, Tecles F, Hansen S. Evaluation of a Comprehensive Profile of Salivary Analytes for the Diagnosis of the Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 23;12(23).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12233261pubmed: 36496782google scholar: lookup
  5. López-Martínez MJ, Beletić A, Kuleš J, Rešetar-Maslov D, Rubić I, Mrljak V, Manzanilla EG, Goyena E, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Muñoz-Prieto A. Revealing the Changes in Saliva and Serum Proteins of Pigs with Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus Suis: A Proteomic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022 Nov 8;23(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms232213700pubmed: 36430174google scholar: lookup
  6. Ortín-Bustillo A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, Botia M, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Tecles F. Evaluation of the Effect of Sampling Time on Biomarkers of Stress, Immune System, Redox Status and Other Biochemistry Analytes in Saliva of Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022 Aug 19;12(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12162127pubmed: 36009717google scholar: lookup
  7. Ortín-Bustillo A, Escribano D, López-Arjona M, Botia M, Fuentes P, Martínez-Miró S, Rubio CP, García-Manzanilla E, Franco-Martínez L, Pardo-Marín L, Cerón JJ, Llonch P, Tecles F. Changes in a Comprehensive Profile of Saliva Analytes in Fattening Pigs during a Complete Productive Cycle: A Longitudinal Study. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jul 21;12(14).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12141865pubmed: 35883410google scholar: lookup
  8. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Vallejo-Mateo PJ, Lamy E, Cerón JJ, Rubio CP. Changes in salivary analytes in cows due to the in vitro presence of feed. BMC Vet Res 2022 Jul 14;18(1):275.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03371-9pubmed: 35836175google scholar: lookup
  9. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, González-Arostegui LG, Martín-Cuervo M, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Henriksen IH, Jacobsen S, Hansen S. Changes in Oxidative Status Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum in the Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome and Colic of Intestinal Aetiology: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 7;12(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12050667pubmed: 35268236google scholar: lookup
  10. Cerón JJ, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, López-Martínez MJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Franco-Martínez L, Rubio CP, Muñoz-Prieto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Subiela S, Tecles F. Basics for the potential use of saliva to evaluate stress, inflammation, immune system, and redox homeostasis in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2022 Feb 28;18(1):81.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03176-wpubmed: 35227252google scholar: lookup
  11. Kaiser M, Dahl J, Jacobsen S, Jacobson M, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Changes of adenosine deaminase activity in serum and saliva around parturition in sows with and without postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2021 Nov 18;17(1):352.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-03067-6pubmed: 34794425google scholar: lookup
  12. González-Barrio D, Huertas-López A, Diezma-Díaz C, Ferre I, Cerón JJ, Ortega-Mora LM, Álvarez-García G. Changes in serum biomarkers of inflammation in bovine besnoitiosis. Parasit Vectors 2021 Sep 22;14(1):488.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04991-0pubmed: 34551803google scholar: lookup
  13. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Vallejo-Mateo PJ, Lamy E, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Rubio CP. Changes in Saliva Analytes in Dairy Cows during Peripartum: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 9;11(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11030749pubmed: 33803247google scholar: lookup
  14. Becerra C, Hernández-García FI, Gómez-Quintana A, Cerón JJ, Botía M, Mateos C, Izquierdo M. Effect of Preweaning Socialization on Postweaning Biomarkers of Stress, Inflammation, Immunity and Metabolism in Saliva and Serum of Iberian Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2025 Dec 28;16(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani16010088pubmed: 41514776google scholar: lookup
  15. Pelegrí-Pineda A, Pato R, Peña R, Suppi J, Llauradó-Calero E, Solà-Oriol D, Bassols A, Saco Y. Fecal intestinal inflammatory biomarkers in piglets: analytical validation, homogeneity and stability studies. Vet Anim Sci 2025 Dec;30:100523.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2025.100523pubmed: 41210487google scholar: lookup
  16. Carrau T, Ortín-Bustillo A, Muñoz-Prieto A, Deutschmann P, Friedrichs V, Beer M, Cerón JJ, Blome S, Franco-Martínez L. Changes in saliva and serum analytes in domestic pigs and wild boar experimentally infected with African swine fever virus. Vet Res 2025 Nov 6;56(1):213.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-025-01598-6pubmed: 41199397google scholar: lookup
  17. Tecles F, Martínez-Martínez A, Crespo-Piazuelo D, López-Martínez MJ, Yeste-Vizcaíno N, Goyena E, Cerón JJ, Martinez-Subiela S, González-Bulnes A, Muñoz-Prieto A. Effect of age and disease on saliva and serum biomarkers of stress, inflammation, immunity, redox and general health status in pigs. Sci Rep 2025 Jul 21;15(1):26440.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-10203-xpubmed: 40691209google scholar: lookup
  18. Llamas-Amor E, Martínez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Miralles A, Goyena E, Martínez-Martínez A, Cerón JJ, Muñoz-Prieto A. Changes in Saliva Analytes in Pigs in Different Clinical Situations from Farms Positive to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): A Pilot Study. Viruses 2025 Jun 9;17(6).
    doi: 10.3390/v17060833pubmed: 40573424google scholar: lookup
  19. Rostamzadeh Mahdabi E, Tian R, Tian J, Asadollahpour Nanaie H, Wang X, Zhao M, Li H, Dalai B, Sai Y, Guo W, Li Y, Zhang H, Esmailizadeh A. Uncovering genomic diversity and signatures of selection in red Angus × Chinese red steppe crossbred cattle population. Sci Rep 2025 Apr 15;15(1):12977.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98346-9pubmed: 40234714google scholar: lookup
  20. Jakobsen N, Larsen I, Weber NR, Heegaard PMH, Pedersen KS. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and pig major acute phase protein in lame gestating sows. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1505132.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1505132pubmed: 40046414google scholar: lookup
  21. Botía M, Escribano D, Mainau E, Muñoz-Prieto A, Cerón JJ. Measurement of New Biomarkers of Immunity and Welfare in Colostrum and Milk of Pigs: Analytical Validation and Changes During Lactation. Biology (Basel) 2024 Oct 16;13(10).
    doi: 10.3390/biology13100829pubmed: 39452138google scholar: lookup
  22. Grześkowiak Ł, Cerón JJ, Lopez-Arjona M, Martínez-Vallespín B, Holthausen JS, Krüsselmann P, Metges CC, Kuhla B, Vahjen W, Zentek J, Saliu EM. Dietary fiber and weaning age affect stress and immune markers in saliva of sows and their offspring. J Anim Sci 2024 Jan 3;102.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skae312pubmed: 39394655google scholar: lookup
  23. Vallejo-Mateo PJ, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Muñoz-Prieto A, Botia M, Tvarijonaviciute A, Rubio CP, Zelvyte R, Cerón JJ, Franco-Martínez L. Saliva as a Potential Source of Biomarkers in Cows with Metritis: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2024 Sep 21;11(9).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11090446pubmed: 39330825google scholar: lookup
  24. Pérez-Pérez L, Carvajal A, Puente H, Peres Rubio C, Cerón JJ, Rubio P, Argüello H. New insights into swine dysentery: faecal shedding, macro and microscopic lesions and biomarkers in early and acute stages of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection. Porcine Health Manag 2024 Jun 29;10(1):24.
    doi: 10.1186/s40813-024-00375-9pubmed: 38951921google scholar: lookup
  25. Tyrkalska SD, Pérez-Sanz F, Franco-Martínez L, Rubio CP, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S, Méndez-Hernández M, González-Aumatell A, Carreras-Abad C, Domènech-Marçal È, Cerón JJ, Cayuela ML, Mulero V, Candel S. Salivary biomarkers as pioneering indicators for diagnosis and severity stratification of pediatric long COVID. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024;14:1396263.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1396263pubmed: 38881733google scholar: lookup
  26. Piirainen V, Gutiérrez AM, Heinonen M, König E, Valros A, Junnikkala S. Salivary and serum haptoglobin, adenosine deaminase, and immunoglobulin G in growing pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2024 May 21;10(1):21.
    doi: 10.1186/s40813-024-00368-8pubmed: 38773547google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.